Apparatus, systems and methods utilizing dispersive networking

ABSTRACT

An electronic device configured for electronic communications utilizing virtual dispersive networking includes: a network interface for communicating over a network; an application loaded onto the electronic device programmed to communicate over a network; and virtual dispersive networking software configured to create, for such application, a virtual machine comprising a virtual interface for the network interface of the electronic device; select a network protocol out of a plurality of available network protocols based on current communication requirements of the application; and cause network communications of the application to occur via the virtual network interface of the electronic device using the determined network protocol.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a U.S. continuation-in-part patentapplication of, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to, U.S.nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 12/499,075, filed Jul. 7,2009, which '075 application published as U.S. patent applicationpublication no. 2010/0009758, and which '075 application is:

-   -   (a) a continuation-in-part patent application of, and claims        priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to, U.S. patent application Ser.        No. 12/253,926, filed Oct. 17, 2008, which '926 application        published as U.S. patent application publication no.        2009/0106439, and which '926 application is a nonprovisional        patent application of, and claims priority under 35 U.S.C.        §119(e) to, each of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No.        60/999,603, filed Oct. 17, 2007, and U.S. provisional patent        application Ser. No. 61/133,935, filed Jul. 7, 2008; and    -   (b) a U.S. nonprovisional patent application of, and claims        priority under §119(e) to, U.S. provisional patent application        Ser. No. 61/133,935, filed Jul. 7, 2008.        The disclosure of the '075 application, which itself includes a        disclosure of each of the '603 and '935 provisional        applications, is set forth in Appendix A hereof. The disclosure        of this Appendix, all of the priority applications, any patents        issuing therefrom, and any publications thereof, including the        patent application publications referenced above, are hereby        incorporated herein by reference.

COPYRIGHT STATEMENT

All of the material in this patent document, including the computerprogram listing, is subject to copyright protection under the copyrightlaws of the United States and other countries. The copyright owner hasno objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patentdocument or the patent disclosure, as it appears in officialgovernmental records but, otherwise, all other copyright rightswhatsoever are reserved.

COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING

Submitted concurrently herewith via the USPTO's electronic filingsystem, and incorporated herein by reference, are computer program filesincluding instructions, routines, and contents of several computerprograms. A table setting forth the name and size of each file includedin the computer program listing is included in FIG. 23. A first of thesefiles, “readme.txt”, contains instructions for utilizing a second of thefiles “ascify.txt” to extract information from the remaining file. Thisremaining file is a compressed binary file that has been converted toASCII format. This file can be converted back to binary format utilizingthe assembly conversion program source code contained in “ascify.txt”.The readme file includes instructions for compiling and running thisconversion program, as well as instructions for converting the othertext file to compressed binary files. The compressed binary filesinclude source code written in C. The source code includes code for aproof of concept program for routing at a client computer, the targethardware for which includes a managed switch, two Cisco® routers, andthree computers running Linux; and code for file transfer programsincluding software for servers and clients, including client softwareconfigured to be executed on a standard personal computer runningWindows, client software configured to be executed on a standardpersonal computer running Mac OS X, and server software configured to beexecuted on a standard Linux server. The computer program files includethe computer program files of the parent patent applications from whichpriority is claimed, and newer computer program files representing acurrent version of an embodiment of one or more aspects of theinvention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to networking—including networkrouting and network communications. Conventional networks, such as theInternet, rely heavily on centralized routers to perform routing tasksin accomplishing network communications. It is believed thatimprovements in networking are needed, including improvements in areassuch as networking efficiency, networking security, and robustness. Oneor more of these needs is addressed by one or more aspects of thepresent invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention includes many aspects and features. Moreover,while many aspects and features relate to, and are described in, aparticular context or another, such as, for example, the context ofnetworking associated with the Internet, including network routing andnetwork communications, the present invention is not limited to use onlyin any one particular context and is applicable in other contexts aswell, as will become apparent from the following summaries and detaileddescriptions of aspects, features, and one or more embodiments of thepresent invention. Indeed, each of the independent claims as filedherewith represents an aspect of the invention and each dependent claimrepresents a feature of such aspect. In addition, it should be notedthat the present invention further encompasses the various possiblecombinations and subcombinations of such aspects and features. Thus, forexample, any aspect may be combined with an aforementioned feature inaccordance with the present invention without requiring any other aspector feature.

Furthermore, the invention relates to such aspects and features asapplied in various particular implementations described hereinbelow, andadditional aspects and features disclosed in association therewith.

A first aspect of the present invention relates to a computer arrangedin electronic communication with one or more computer networks, thecomputer running an operating system and running a plurality ofapplications, each of the applications programmed to communicate overthe computer network. The computer is characterized in that, thecomputer performs a method comprising the steps of, for eachapplication, creating, for such application, a virtual machine that isconfigured to send and receive communications over the computer network,determining, for such application, a network protocol out of a pluralityof available network protocols, the determined network protocolrepresenting an appropriate network protocol, out of the plurality ofavailable network protocols, for current communication requirements ofthe application, and causing the application, when communicating overthe network, to send and receive communications via the created virtualmachine using the determined network protocol. Multiple virtual machineinstances are created and simultaneously maintained by the computer,each virtual machine instance handling communications of one of theplurality of applications via a networking protocol that has beendetermined to be appropriate for the current communication requirementsof the application.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the computerperforms the method by executing a virtual dispersive routing program.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the computer is apersonal computer.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the computer is apersonal desktop computer.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the computer is apersonal laptop or notebook computer.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofapplications includes an email application, an internet browserapplication, and a streaming audio or video application.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofapplications include a computer game.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofapplications includes a massive multiplayer online role playing game.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofapplications includes a video game.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the computer is avideo game console.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the computercomprises a plurality of processing cores.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the computercomprises a plurality of processing cores, and wherein the computerperforms the method by executing a multi-core virtual dispersive routingprogram.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, differentcommunication requirements differ at least in terms of maximum latencyrequirements and minimum bandwidth requirements.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a computer arrangedin electronic communication with one or more computer networks, thecomputer running an operating system and running a plurality ofapplications, each of the applications programmed to communicate overthe computer network. The computer is characterized in that, thecomputer performs a method comprising the steps of, for eachapplication, creating, for such application, a first virtual machinethat is configured to send and receive communications over the computernetwork, determining, for such application, a first network protocol outof a plurality of available network protocols, the first networkprotocol representing an appropriate network protocol, out of theplurality of available network protocols, for a first set ofcommunication requirements of the application, and causing theapplication, when communicating over the network under the first set ofcommunication requirements of the application, to send and receivecommunications via the first virtual machine using the first networkprotocol, creating, for such application, a second virtual machine thatis configured to send and receive communications over the computernetwork, the second virtual machine being a separate virtual machineinstance from that of the first virtual machine, determining, for suchapplication, a second network protocol out of a plurality of availablenetwork protocols, the second network protocol representing anappropriate network protocol, out of the plurality of available networkprotocols, for a second set of communication requirements of theapplication, the second set of communication requirements beingdifferent from the first set, and causing the application, whencommunicating over the network under the second set of communicationrequirements of the application, to send and receive communications viathe second virtual machine using the second network protocol. Multiplevirtual machine instances are created and simultaneously maintained bythe computer for each of the plurality of applications, each virtualmachine instance handling communications under a set of communicationrequirements of one of the plurality of applications via a networkingprotocol that has been determined to be appropriate for such set ofcommunication requirements of the application.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the computerperforms the method by executing a virtual dispersive routing program.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the computer is apersonal computer.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the computer is apersonal desktop computer.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the computer is apersonal laptop or notebook computer.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofapplications includes an email application, an internet browserapplication, and a streaming audio or video application.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofapplications includes a computer game.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofapplications includes a massive multiplayer online role playing game.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofapplications includes a video game.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the computer is avideo game console.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the computercomprises a plurality of processing cores.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the computercomprises a plurality of processing cores, and wherein the computerperforms the method by executing a multi-core virtual dispersive routingprogram.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, differentcommunication requirements differ at least in terms of maximum latencyrequirements and minimum bandwidth requirements.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of routingdata over a network at a client device using virtualization. The methodincludes the steps of receiving a request for a network connection froman application running on the client device; spawning a virtual machineadapted to virtualize network capabilities of the client device;selecting a routing protocol from among a plurality of available routingprotocols; determining a first node to communicate with, saiddetermination being informed by network information stored on the clientdevice; and communicating, using the selected routing protocol, data ofthe application to the first node.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, said selection of arouting protocol is informed by information associated with theapplication.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, the method furtherincludes spawning another virtual machine adapted to virtualize networkcapabilities of the client device; selecting a second routing protocolfrom among a plurality of available routing protocols; determining asecond node to communicate with, said determination being informed bynetwork information stored on the client device; and communicating,using the selected second routing protocol, data of the application tothe second node.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, the method furtherincludes, prior to said step of spawning another virtual machine, thestep of determining that the application requires another networkconnection.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, the step of determiningthat the application requires another network connection comprisesdetermining whether a current network connection can meet performancerequirements of the application.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, said step of communicatingcomprises transmitting packets of data.

In a feature of one or more aspect of the invention, said packets are IPpackets.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, the method furtherincludes, prior to the step of receiving a request for a networkconnection, the steps of querying a network for the network information;storing the network information in a computer readable medium.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, the method furtherincludes, prior to the step of receiving a request for a networkconnection, the steps of querying a network for data relating to thenetwork, generating a routing table based on the data relating to thenetwork, and storing the routing table in a computer readable medium.The network information that informs said determining step comprisesinformation stored in the routing table.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofavailable routing protocols includes the Interior Gateway RoutingProtocol (IGRP).

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofavailable routing protocols includes the Enhanced Interior GatewayRouting Protocol (EIGRP).

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofavailable routing protocols includes the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofavailable routing protocols includes the Constrained Shortest Path First(CSPF) protocol.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the selectedrouting protocol is ported to run on a chip core.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the selectedrouting protocol is run multiple cores.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofavailable routing protocols includes pro-active routing algorithms.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofavailable routing protocols includes reactive routing algorithms.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofavailable routing protocols includes flow oriented routing algorithms.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofavailable routing protocols includes adaptive routing algorithms.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofavailable routing protocols includes hybrid routing algorithms.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofavailable routing protocols includes hierarchical routing algorithms.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofavailable routing protocols includes geographical routing algorithms.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the invention, the plurality ofavailable routing protocols includes power aware routing algorithms.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method forproviding information relating to a node along a network path. Themethod includes receiving, at a first node, a packet transmitted by aclient device, the packet including a header and a payload; storing, atthe first node, information from the packet in a computer readablemedium; appending, to the payload of the packet, information associatedwith the first node; determining a second node to transmit the packetto, said determination being informed by network information stored onthe first node; and transmitting the packet to the second node.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, the information from thepacket includes information relating to a routing protocol, and whereinsaid transmitting step comprises transmitting the packet utilizing therouting protocol.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method ofdetermining a path of a packet. The method includes receiving a packetincluding a header and a payload, the payload including informationappended to the payload by each of a plurality of nodes, the informationappended to the payload by each of the plurality of nodes includinginformation associated with the node that appended it; storing thepayload in a computer readable medium; and analyzing the informationappended to the payload by each of the plurality of nodes to determine apath of the packet.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, the method furtherincludes determining whether the path of the packet satisfies previouslydefined connection requirements.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method ofresponding to a dropped connection. The method includes transmitting apacket to a first node using a first routing protocol for communicationto a destination device; setting a predefined timer, the predefinedtimer having a value corresponding to an amount of time greater than anaverage response time of the destination device; and upon expiration ofthe predefined timer, automatically transmitting the packet to a secondnode using a second routing protocol for communication to thedestination device.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, the first routing protocoland the second routing protocol are the same routing protocol.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, the first node and thesecond node are the same node.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method ofresponding to a corrupted packet. The method includes receiving a packetfrom a transmitting device at a first virtual machine of a destinationdevice; determining whether the packet has been tampered with, saiddetermination being informed by information from an application runningon the client device; quarantining the packet; spawning a new virtualmachine at the destination device; and communicating, using the newvirtual machine, with the transmitting device.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, said step of communicatingcomprises communicating using a routing protocol different from arouting protocol used to transmit the packet.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, said step of communicatingcomprises communicating using a path different from a path used totransmit the packet.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, the method furtherincludes shutting down the first virtual machine.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method ofresponding to a network attack. The method includes communicating with aremote device through a first virtual machine of a client device;detecting a network attack at the first virtual machine of the clientdevice; spawning a second virtual machine at the client device; andcommunicating with the remote device through the second virtual machineof the client device.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, said step of communicatingthrough a first virtual machine comprises communicating via a path andsaid step of communicating through the second virtual machine comprisescommunicating via a different path.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, said step of communicatingthrough a first virtual machine comprises communicating via a networkprotocol and said step of communicating through the second virtualmachine comprises communicating via a different network protocol.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, the method furtherincludes shutting down the first virtual machine.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, the method furtherincludes monitoring communications received through the first virtualmachine.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, the method furtherincludes generating a third virtual machine; determining a source of thenetwork attack; and initiating a retaliatory network attack through thethird virtual machine against the source of the network attack.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of routingdata over a network at a client device using virtualization. The methodincludes detecting a request for a network connection from anapplication running on the client device; determining, from theapplication, application-specific information associated with theapplication; using the application-specific information, selecting arouting protocol from among a plurality of available routing protocols;and using the selected routing protocol, transmitting data of theapplication from the client device over the network.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of routingdata over a network at a client device using virtualization. The methodincludes the steps of detecting, at a virtual router on the clientdevice, a request for a network connection from an application runningon the client device; spawning, by the virtual router, a virtual machineadapted to virtualize network capabilities of the client device;selecting, by the virtual router, a routing protocol from among aplurality of available routing protocols; and communicating, using theselected routing protocol, data of the application to the first node.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of routingdata over a network at a client device using virtualization. The methodincludes the steps of detecting, at a virtual router on the clientdevice, a request for a network connection from an application runningon the client device; selecting, by the virtual router, a routingprotocol from among a plurality of available routing protocols;determining, by the virtual router, a first node to communicate with,said determination being informed by network information stored on theclient device; and using a virtual machine on the client device,communicating, using the selected routing protocol, data of theapplication to the first node.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of routingdata over a network at a client device using virtualization. The methodincludes detecting, at a virtual router on the client device, a requestfor a network connection from an application running on the clientdevice; spawning, by the virtual router, a virtual machine adapted tovirtualize network capabilities of the client device; selecting, by thevirtual router, a routing protocol from among a plurality of availablerouting protocols; determining, by the virtual router, a first node tocommunicate with according to the selected routing protocol; and, usinga virtual machine on the client device, communicating data of theapplication to the first node.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of routingdata over a network at client devices using virtualization. The methodincludes the steps of detecting, at a first virtual router on a firstclient device, a request for a network connection from an applicationrunning on the first client device; selecting, by the first virtualrouter, a routing protocol from among a plurality of available routingprotocols; using a virtual machine on the first client device,transmitting, according to the routing protocol selected by the firstvirtual router, data of the first client device application from thefirst client device over the network; receiving the data at a secondclient device; detecting, at a second virtual router on the secondclient device, a request for a network connection from an applicationrunning on the second client device; selecting, by the second virtualrouter, a routing protocol from among a plurality of available routingprotocols; and using a virtual machine on the second client device,transmitting, according to the routing protocol selected by the secondvirtual router, data of the second client device application from thesecond client device over the network.

In a feature of this aspect of the invention, the first routing protocolis different from the second routing protocol.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method ofdetermining a routing path of a packet. The method includes receiving,at a client device in a network, a packet including a header and apayload, the payload including information appended to the payload by atleast one other node in the network, the information appended to thepayload by each of the at least one network node including informationassociated with the node that appended it; analyzing, at a virtualrouter on the client device, the information appended to the payload byeach of the at least one network node; based at least partly on theanalyzed information, selecting, by the virtual router, a routingprotocol from among a plurality of available routing protocols; andtransmitting, according to the routing protocol selected by the virtualrouter, the packet over the network.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method ofdetermining a routing path of a packet, comprising: receiving, at aclient device in a network, a packet including a header and a payload,the payload including information appended to the payload by at leastone other node in the network, the information appended to the payloadby each of the at least one network node including informationassociated with the node that appended it; based at least partly oncontent of the payload, selecting, by a virtual router on the clientdevice, a routing protocol from among a plurality of available routingprotocols; appending additional information, including informationassociated with the client device, to the payload; and transmitting,according to the routing protocol selected by the virtual router, thepacket, included the appended payload, over the network.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a virtual dispersiverouting software client stored in a computer readable medium of a clientdevice. The virtual dispersive routing software includes a virtualmachine manager, adapted to spawn virtual machines; a routing platformincluding software adapted to implement a plurality of routingprotocols; a controller adapted to intercept network requests intendedfor a network card; and an application interface adapted to communicateinformation relating to an application running on the client device tothe controller.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to the applicationinterface.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a spider comprising aconnective link between an upper level and a lower level of a protocolstack.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the present invention, thecomputer is a handheld mobile device.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the present invention, thecomputer is a mobile phone.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the present invention, theplurality of available routing protocols includes the Open Shortest PathFirst (OSPF) protocol.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the present invention, thenetwork is a wireless network.

In a feature of one or more aspects of the present invention, thenetwork is a Wi-Fi network.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of utilizinginformation from one layer of a protocol stack to inform decisions atanother layer of the protocol stack.

The method includes loading a spider configured to thread together anupper application layer and a lower layer of a protocol stack; receivinga packet at the lower layer; running a checksum on the packet; anddetermining whether a value returned from the checksum corresponds to avalue associated with the application layer.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of utilizinga spider. The method includes loading a spider configured to threadtogether a first layer and a second layer of a protocol stack; andutilizing information associated with the first layer to inform adecision at the second layer.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a dispersive storagearea network.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for adispersive storage area network.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a dispersive storagearea network that includes an electronic device having software loadedthereon configured to spawn a virtual machine that virtualizes networkcapabilities of the electronic device; and a plurality of storagedevices, each storage device having data stored thereon, and eachstorage device having software loaded thereon configured to spawn avirtual machine that virtualizes network capabilities of the respectivestorage device. The first electronic device is configured to access datastored on one or more of the plurality of storage devices by receivingdata over one or more connections with one or more of the plurality ofstorage devices, each connection associated with a virtual machinespawned at the electronic device that virtualizes network capabilitiesof the electronic device.

In a feature of this aspect, portions of information are stored as dataon two or more of the plurality of storage devices, and wherein theelectronic device is configured to access the information via one ormore connections to each of the two or more of the plurality of storagedevices.

In a feature of this aspect, portions of information are stored as dataon three or more of the plurality of storage devices, and wherein atleast some of the portions of information are cumulative for redundancy,and wherein the electronic device is configured to access theinformation via one or more connections to some of the three or more ofthe plurality of storage devices.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for adispersive storage area network. The method includes spawning, by anelectronic device, a plurality of virtual machines that virtualizenetwork capabilities of the electronic device; and receiving, from aplurality of storage devices, data, data from each storage device of theplurality of storage devices being received over a connection associatedwith a virtual machine that virtualizes network capabilities of theelectronic device.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a dispersive storagearea network for medical data.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for adispersive storage area network for medical data.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a system thatincludes an electronic device having software loaded thereon configuredto spawn a virtual machine that virtualizes network capabilities of theelectronic device; and a plurality of storage devices, each storagedevice having medical data stored thereon, and each storage devicehaving software loaded thereon configured to spawn a virtual machinethat virtualizes network capabilities of the respective storage device.The first electronic device is configured to access data stored on oneor more of the plurality of storage devices by receiving medical dataover one or more connections with one or more of the plurality ofstorage devices, each connection associated with a virtual machinespawned at the electronic device that virtualizes network capabilitiesof the electronic device.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a system foraccessing medical data that includes an electronic device havingsoftware loaded thereon configured to spawn a virtual machine thatvirtualizes network capabilities of the electronic device. The firstelectronic device is configured to access data stored on one or more ofa plurality of storage devices by receiving medical data over one ormore connections with one or more of the plurality of storage devices,each connection associated with a virtual machine spawned at theelectronic device that virtualizes network capabilities of theelectronic device.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a system for sharingmedical data that includes an electronic device having medical datastored thereon, and having software loaded thereon configured to spawn avirtual machine that virtualizes network capabilities of the electronicdevice. The electronic device is configured to communicate storedmedical data over one or more connections, each connection beingassociated with a virtual machine spawned at the electronic device thatvirtualizes network capabilities of the electronic device.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method forreceiving medical data that includes spawning, by an electronic device,a virtual machine that virtualizes network capabilities of theelectronic device; and receiving, from a storage device, medical data,the medical data being received over a connection associated with avirtual machine that virtualizes network capabilities of the electronicdevice.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for sharingmedical data that includes spawning, by a first electronic device, avirtual machine that virtualizes network capabilities of the firstelectronic device; and communicating, to a second electronic device,medical data stored at the first electronic device, the medical databeing communicated over a connection associated with a virtual machinethat virtualizes network capabilities of the first electronic device.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to an electronic deviceincluding software thereon configured to gather information and forwardgathered information to a search engine.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of servingcontent as disclosed.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of providinginformation to a search engine as disclosed.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to an electronic deviceincluding software loaded thereon configured to serve stored content;and software loaded thereon configured to search the stored content andcommunicate information obtained based on such search to a searchengine.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to an electronic deviceincluding software loaded thereon configured to spawn a virtual machinethat virtualizes network capabilities of the electronic device, andserve stored content; and software loaded thereon configured to searchthe stored content and communicate information obtained based on suchsearch to a search engine.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to an electronic deviceincluding one or more electronic storage mediums collectively includingpublic and private content; and software loaded thereon configured tospawn a first virtual machine that virtualizes network capabilities ofthe electronic device for serving stored public content, and spawn asecond virtual machine that virtualizes network capabilities of theelectronic device for serving stored private content. The electronicdevice further includes software loaded thereon configured to search thestored content and communicate information obtained based on such searchto a search engine.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to an electronic devicethat includes one or more electronic storage mediums collectivelyincluding public and private content; and software loaded thereonconfigured to spawn a first virtual machine that virtualizes networkcapabilities of the electronic device for serving stored public content,and spawn a second virtual machine that virtualizes network capabilitiesof the electronic device for serving stored private content. Theelectronic device further includes software loaded thereon configured tosearch the stored public content and communicate information obtainedbased on such search to a search engine.

An aspect of the present invention relates to an electronic deviceconfigured for electronic communications utilizing virtual dispersivenetworking that includes a network interface for communicating over anetwork; an application loaded onto the electronic device programmed tocommunicate over a network; and virtual dispersive networking softwareconfigured to, create, for such application, a virtual machinecomprising a virtual interface for the network interface of theelectronic device, select a network protocol out of a plurality ofavailable network protocols based on current communication requirementsof the application, and cause network communications of the applicationto occur via the virtual network interface of the electronic deviceusing the determined network protocol.

In a feature of this aspect, the software is further configured tocreate multiple virtual machines, each virtual machine being associatedwith communications of a respective application of a plurality ofapplications of the electronic device, each respective application beingprogrammed to communicate with the network, wherein communications viaeach virtual machine uses a networking protocol that has been selectedin accordance with the software based on the current communicationrequirements of the respective application.

In a feature of this aspect, the electronic device comprises a personalcomputer.

In a feature of this aspect, the electronic device comprises a desktopcomputer.

In a feature of this aspect, the electronic device comprises a portablecomputer.

In a feature of this aspect, the electronic device comprises a mobilecommunications device.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to an electronic deviceconfigured for electronic communications utilizing virtual dispersivenetworking that includes a network interface for communicating with anetwork; an operating system for running applications; an applicationprogrammed to communicate with the network; and software configured tocreate, for such application, a virtual machine comprising a virtualinterface for the network interface of the electronic device, select anetwork protocol out of a plurality of available network protocols basedon current communication requirements of the application, and causenetwork communications of the application to occur via the virtualnetwork interface of the electronic device using the determined networkprotocol.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a locally-controlledsocial media distribution and management system.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for localcontrol of social media distribution and management.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method oftransferring a social media file between first and second end-userdevices via network communications, the social media file pertaining toa user of the first end-user device. The method includes the steps offirst, (i) communicating by the first end-user device, to a server,network contact information of the first end-user device, and (ii)communicating by the second end-user device, to the server, networkcontact information of the second end-user device; and thereafter,transferring the file from the first end-user device to the secondend-user device by, (i) communicating, by the first end-user device, arequest to the server to engage in a file transfer with the secondend-user device by the first end-user device, (ii) communicating, by theserver, the file transfer request received from the first end-userdevice, (iii) communicating, by the second end-user device, acceptanceto the server of the request to engage in a file transfer with the firstend-user device, (iv) communicating connection information, by theserver, to the first and second end-user devices for enabling an opennetwork connection between the first and second end-user devices, and(v) initiating, by the first and second end-user devices, through theopen network connection, the file transfer based on the connectioninformation received from the server.

In a feature of this aspect, the social media file is a first socialmedia file, and the method further includes transferring a second socialmedia file from the first end-user device to a third end-user device,the second social media file also pertaining to the user but beingdifferent in content from the first social media file, and includes thefurther steps of first, (i) communicating by the first end-user device,to a server, network contact information of the first end-user device,and (ii) communicating by the third end-user device, to the server,network contact information of the third end-user device; andthereafter, transferring the file from the first end-user device to thethird end-user device by, (i) communicating, by the first end-userdevice, a request to the server to engage in a file transfer with thethird end-user device by the first end-user device, (ii) communicating,by the server, the file transfer request received from the firstend-user device, (iii) communicating, by the third end-user device,acceptance to the server of the request to engage in a file transferwith the first end-user device, (iv) communicating connectioninformation, by the server, to the first and third end-user devices forenabling an open network connection between the first and third end-userdevices, and (v) initiating, by the first and third end-user devices,through the open network connection, the file transfer based on theconnection information received from the server. In some implementationsof this feature, the user controls distribution and management of socialmedia pertaining to the user, via the first end-user device, to multipleusers.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a retail transactionsystem using direct communication between customer device and point ofsale terminal.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method forcompleting a retail transaction using direct communication betweencustomer device and point of sale terminal.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to an electronic deviceconfigured for electronic communications with a point of sale terminalutilizing virtual dispersive networking. The electronic device includesa network interface for communicating over a network; an applicationloaded onto the electronic device programmed to communicate over anetwork with a point of sale terminal; and virtual dispersive networkingsoftware configured to, create, for such application, a virtual machinecomprising a virtual interface for the network interface of theelectronic device, select a network protocol out of a plurality ofavailable network protocols based on current communication requirementsof the application, and cause network communications of the applicationto occur via the virtual network interface of the electronic deviceusing the determined network protocol. The application loaded onto theelectronic device is further programmed to execute a retail transaction,using the virtual dispersive networking software, with the point of saleterminal.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a virtual checksystem.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for managingand securing the transmission of a virtual check.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a method oftransferring a virtual check image between first and second end-userdevices via network communications. The method includes the steps offirst, (i) communicating by the first end-user device, to a server,network contact information of the first end-user device, and (ii)communicating by the second end-user device, to the server, networkcontact information of the second end-user device; separating thevirtual check image into a plurality of data files; and thereafter,separately transferring each data file from the first end-user device tothe second end-user device by, (i) communicating, by the first end-userdevice, a request to the server to engage in a file transfer with thesecond end-user device by the first end-user device, (ii) communicating,by the server, the file transfer request received from the firstend-user device, (iii) communicating, by the second end-user device,acceptance to the server of the request to engage in a file transferwith the first end-user device, (iv) communicating connectioninformation, by the server, to the first and second end-user devices forenabling an open network connection between the first and secondend-user devices, and (v) initiating, by the first and second end-userdevices, through the open network connection, the file transfer based onthe connection information received from the server; and combining, atthe second end-user device, the plurality of data files to reproduce thevirtual check image for printing.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing in a medical context.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing to communicate medical data.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing to access medical data stored on anelectronic device at a remote location.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing for a dispersive storage area network.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing in a search engine context.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing to serve content.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing to serve a web page.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing in a social media context.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing to serve a social media profile.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing in a smart grid context.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing to improve carrier efficiency.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing in a gaming context.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing in an MMORPG context.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing in a retail transaction context.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing in an audio and/or video conferencingcontext.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing in a file sharing context.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing in a media server context.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing in an auction or procurement context.

One or more aspects of the present invention relate to the use ofvirtual dispersive routing in an electronic check context.

Additional aspects and features are found in the patent applicationsfrom which priority is claimed and which are incorporated by referenceherein.

In addition to the aforementioned aspects and features of the presentinvention, it should once again be noted that the present inventionfurther encompasses the various possible combinations andsubcombinations of such aspects and features. Thus, for example, anyaspect may be combined with an aforementioned feature in accordance withthe present invention without requiring any other aspect or feature.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

One or more preferred embodiments of the present invention now will bedescribed in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, nowbriefly described.

FIG. 1 illustrates components of a VDR software client loaded onto aclient device in accordance with one or more embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 2 illustrates a possible network topology in which a VDR clientgathers LAN routing information and queries an external network forbackbone information and application-specific routing information inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates the addition of data to the payload of a packet oneach of a plurality of hops in accordance with one or more embodimentsof the invention.

FIG. 4 is a tabular representation of data stored by a node in thepayload of a packet.

FIGS. 5A-5C provide a simplified example of a VDR software response to anetwork attack in accordance with one or more embodiments of theinvention.

FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate an exemplary VDR implementation in accordancewith one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 7 illustrates a direct connection between two clients facilitatedby a control server in accordance with one or more embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram, of a plurality of nodes, illustrating threescenarios that might be encountered in setting up a direct connectionbetween nodes, or clients, of a peer-to-peer network in accordance withone or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram, of a plurality of nodes, illustrating howcommunications can occur between clients that are on the same ordifferent subnets in accordance with one or more embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an exemplary network comprising a serverand seven clients in accordance with one or more embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary communications betweenclients in the network of FIG. 10 following login and authentication inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating a server functioning as a homeregistry server in the context of file transfers between clients inaccordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary process for direct transfer of a filefrom a first client to a second client in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 14 includes a table illustrating potential resource reductions thatmay be achieved in accordance with one or more embodiments of theinvention.

FIG. 15 illustrates client and server architectures in accordance withone or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary process for downloading a file to aclient in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 17 illustrates another exemplary processes for downloading a fileto a client in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 18 is a block diagram illustrating an implementation of end to endencryption below the operating system level in accordance with one ormore embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 19 is a block diagram of an exemplary network illustrating anetwork communication sent from client C7 to client C3 along a networkpath including clients C5 and C1 in accordance with one or moreembodiments of the invention.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram of an exemplary network comprising a mainserver, a backup server, and a hidden or unlisted server, as well asclients C1 through C7, in accordance with one or more embodiments of theinvention.

FIGS. 21A and 21B are block diagrams of an exemplary networkillustrating a process in which a client communicates to another clientwith which it was communicating that it is changing its IP address andin which it re-establishes another connection automatically.

FIGS. 22A and 22B are graphical representations illustrating how IPaddresses and ports for communications with other devices can be varied,in a manner analogous to frequency hop radios, in virtualized dispersiverouting implementations of one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 23 includes a table setting forth the name and size of each fileincluded in the computer program listing incorporated herein byreference.

FIG. 24 is a flowchart illustrating a method of connecting a consumerdevice to an appliance in accordance with one or more preferredembodiments or implementations of the present invention.

FIG. 25 is a schematic illustration of a step of photographing, imagingor otherwise reading the ID plate of an appliance as part of the methodof FIG. 24.

FIG. 26 is a block diagram of representing the use and management ofsocial media in accordance with one or more preferred embodiments orimplementations of the present invention.

FIG. 27 is a block diagram representing a telecommunications topologyfor improving efficiency in accordance with one or more preferredembodiments or implementations of the present invention.

FIG. 28 is a block diagram representing a retail transaction inaccordance with one or more preferred embodiments or implementations ofthe present invention.

FIG. 29 is a flowchart illustrating steps of the retail transactionrepresented in FIG. 28.

FIG. 30 is a schematic illustration of a step of photographing, imagingor otherwise reading a POS terminal ID plate.

FIG. 31 is a block diagram representing the secure transfer of a checkimage in accordance with one or more preferred embodiments orimplementations of the present invention.

FIG. 32 is a block diagram representing the printing of a check imagereceived using the approach of FIG. 31.

FIG. 33 illustrates a user interface for an exemplary file sharingapplication in accordance with a preferred implementation.

FIG. 34 illustrates the receipt of a plurality of data streams from eachof a plurality of devices that portions of data are stored on.

FIG. 35 is a block diagram of a client-centric procurement platform inaccordance with one or more preferred embodiments or implementations ofthe present invention.

FIG. 36 is a block diagram representing search engine topology inaccordance with one or more preferred embodiments or implementations ofthe present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As a preliminary matter, it will readily be understood by one havingordinary skill in the relevant art (“Ordinary Artisan”) that the presentinvention has broad utility and application. Furthermore, any embodimentdiscussed and identified as being preferred is considered to be part ofa best mode contemplated for carrying out the present invention. Otherembodiments also may be discussed for additional illustrative purposesin providing a full and enabling disclosure of the present invention. Asshould be understood, any embodiment may incorporate only one or aplurality of the above-disclosed aspects of the invention and mayfurther incorporate only one or a plurality of the above-disclosedfeatures. Moreover, many embodiments, such as adaptations, variations,modifications, and equivalent arrangements, will be implicitly disclosedby the embodiments described herein and fall within the scope of thepresent invention.

Accordingly, while the present invention is described herein in detailin relation to one or more embodiments, it is to be understood that thisdisclosure is illustrative and exemplary of the present invention, andis made merely for the purposes of providing a full and enablingdisclosure of the present invention. The detailed disclosure herein ofone or more embodiments is not intended, nor is to be construed, tolimit the scope of patent protection afforded the present invention,which scope is to be defined by the claims and the equivalents thereof.It is not intended that the scope of patent protection afforded thepresent invention be defined by reading into any claim a limitationfound herein that does not explicitly appear in the claim itself.

Thus, for example, any sequence(s) and/or temporal order of steps ofvarious processes or methods that are described herein are illustrativeand not restrictive. Accordingly, it should be understood that, althoughsteps of various processes or methods may be shown and described asbeing in a sequence or temporal order, the steps of any such processesor methods are not limited to being carried out in any particularsequence or order, absent an indication otherwise. Indeed, the steps insuch processes or methods generally may be carried out in variousdifferent sequences and orders while still falling within the scope ofthe present invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the scope ofpatent protection afforded the present invention is to be defined by theappended claims rather than the description set forth herein.

Additionally, it is important to note that each term used herein refersto that which the Ordinary Artisan would understand such term to meanbased on the contextual use of such term herein. To the extent that themeaning of a term used herein—as understood by the Ordinary Artisanbased on the contextual use of such term—differs in any way from anyparticular dictionary definition of such term, it is intended that themeaning of the term as understood by the Ordinary Artisan shouldprevail.

Regarding applicability of 35 U.S.C. §112, ¶6, no claim element isintended to be read in accordance with this statutory provision unlessthe explicit phrase “means for” or “step for” is actually used in suchclaim element, whereupon this statutory provision is intended to applyin the interpretation of such claim element.

Furthermore, it is important to note that, as used herein, “a” and “an”each generally denotes “at least one,” but does not exclude a pluralityunless the contextual use dictates otherwise. Thus, reference to “apicnic basket having an apple” describes “a picnic basket having atleast one apple” as well as “a picnic basket having apples.” Incontrast, reference to “a picnic basket having a single apple” describes“a picnic basket having only one apple.”

When used herein to join a list of items, “or” denotes “at least one ofthe items,” but does not exclude a plurality of items of the list. Thus,reference to “a picnic basket having cheese or crackers” describes “apicnic basket having cheese without crackers”, “a picnic basket havingcrackers without cheese”, and “a picnic basket having both cheese andcrackers.” Finally, when used herein to join a list of items, “and”denotes “all of the items of the list.” Thus, reference to “a picnicbasket having cheese and crackers” describes “a picnic basket havingcheese, wherein the picnic basket further has crackers,” as well asdescribes “a picnic basket having crackers, wherein the picnic basketfurther has cheese.”

Further, as used herein, the term server may be utilized to refer to asingle server, a plurality of servers working together, or both.

Additionally, as used herein, “an open network connection” generallymeans a network pathway of one or more router nodes that extends betweentwo end-user devices whereby data is sent from one of the end-userdevices to the other end-user device without connecting to a server, oran equivalent pathway where the data that is sent is neither stored norforwarded by a server.

Referring now to the drawings, one or more preferred embodiments of thepresent invention are next described. The following description of oneor more preferred embodiments is merely exemplary in nature and is in noway intended to limit the invention, its implementations, or uses.

VDR

Virtual dispersive routing (hereinafter, “VDR”) relates generally toproviding routing capabilities at a plurality of client devices usingvirtualization. Whereas traditional routing calls for most, if not all,routing functionality to be carried out by centrally located specializedrouting devices, VDR enables dispersed client devices to assist with, oreven take over, routing functionality, and thus is properlycharacterized as dispersive. Advantageously, because routing isperformed locally at a client device, a routing protocol is selected bythe client based upon connection requirements of the local applicationinitiating the connection. A protocol can be selected for multiple suchconnections and multiple routing protocols can even be utilizedsimultaneously. The fragile nature of the routing protocols will beappreciated, and thus virtualization is utilized together with thelocalization of routing to provide a much more robust system.Consequently, such dispersive routing is properly characterized asvirtual.

More specifically, preferred VDR implementations require that a VDRsoftware client be loaded on each client device to help control andoptimize network communications and performance. Preferably, VDR isimplemented exclusively as software and does not include any hardwarecomponents. Preferably, the basic components of a VDR software clientinclude a routing platform (sometimes referred to hereinafter as an“RP”); a virtual machine monitor (sometimes referred to hereinafter as a“VMM”); a dispersive controller (sometimes referred to hereinafter as a“DC”); and an application interface (sometimes referred to hereinafteras an “AI”). FIG. 1 illustrates each of these components loaded onto aclient device. Each of these components is now discussed in turn.

The Routing Platform (RP) and Multiple Routing Protocols

Despite eschewing the traditional routing model utilizing central pointsof control, VDR is designed to function with existing routing protocols.Supported routing protocols, together with software necessary for theiruse, are included in the routing platform (RP) component of the VDRsoftware, which can be seen in FIG. 1. For example, the RP includessoftware to implement and support the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol(“IGRP”), the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (“EIGRP”), theBorder Gateway Protocol (“BGP”), the Open Shortest Path First (“OSPF”)protocol, and the Constrained Shortest Path First (“CSPF”) protocol. Itwill be appreciated that in at least some embodiments, a port will beneeded to allow conventional routing software to run on a chip core (forexample, a core of an Intel chip) at a client device. Preferably,multi-core components are used to allow routing protocols to be run onmultiple cores to improve overall performance.

Moreover, it will be appreciated that the ability to support multiplerouting protocols allows VDR to meet the needs of applications havingvarying mobility requirements. Applications can be supported by ad hocalgorithms such as proactive (table driven) routing, reactive(on-demand) routing, flow oriented routing, adaptive (situation aware)routing, hybrid (proactive/reactive) routing, hierarchical routing,geographical routing, and power aware routing. Further, the use ofmultiple protocols supports broadcasting, multi-casting, andsimulcasting. It will be appreciated that the use of multiple protocolsprovides support for multi-threaded networking as well.

The Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) and Virtualization

It will be appreciated that virtualization is known in some computingcontexts, such as virtualization of memory and processing.Virtualization enables the abstraction of computer resources and canmake a single physical resource appear, and function, as multiplelogical resources. Traditionally, this capability enables developers toabstract development of an application so that it runs homogenouslyacross many hardware platforms. Additionally, this capability enablesmultiple virtual machines to be created and run on a single realcomputer, wherein each virtual machine corresponds to a differentcomputer including its own operating system. More generally,virtualization is geared toward hiding technical detail throughencapsulation. This encapsulation provides the mechanism to supportcomplex networking and improved security that is required to enablerouting at client devices.

More specifically, and as used herein, a virtual machine (sometimesreferred to hereinafter as a “VM”) essentially comprises a software copyof a real machine interface, and may include additional virtualizationof a computer's resources—including additional interfaces for networkcommunications, or even virtualization of a computer itself. The purposeof running a VM is to provide an environment that enables a computer toisolate and control access to its services. The virtual machine monitor(VMM) component is used to run a plurality of VMs on a real machine andto interface directly with that real machine. In a VDR implementation,the VMM creates a VM for each distinct connection for a client on thecomputer, with the VM comprising the communication interface for makingthe connection. It is helpful to explain at this juncture that whatcomprises a connection can vary, but in general includes a transfer ofdata in the form of packets from a first end device to a second enddevice along a path (or route). It will be appreciated that a singleapplication can require multiple connections. For example, anapplication may require multiple connections because of bandwidthapplication requirements and performance requirements; in this eventeach connection preferably interfaces with its own VM and theconnections can utilize (sometimes referred to as being tied to) thesame routing protocol or different routing protocols, even though theconnections are themselves necessitated by the same application.Similarly, although two connections may at times travel along anidentical path, the connections themselves are nevertheless distinct,and each will preferably still continue to interface with its own VM.The VMM creates and manages the VMs in making these connections.

The Dispersive Controller (DC) and Optimizing Performance

When the client is in need of a new connection, a dispersive controller(DC), located between an operating system and a driver that controlsnetwork hardware (such as a NIC card), intercepts the request for a newconnection and tells the VMM to spawn a new VM associated with thedesired connection. The DC then queries the application interface (AI)and utilizes any information obtained to select a routing protocol fromamong those supported by the RP. This selected routing protocol,however, is currently believed to be generally useless without knowledgeof the surrounding network. To this end, the DC allows each client tofind other clients, interrogate network devices, and utilize systemresources. Thus, each VDR client is “network aware,” in that routinginformation is gathered and maintained at each client by the DC.

FIG. 2 illustrates how a VDR client 201 gathers LAN routing informationand queries an external network for backbone information andapplication-specific routing information. In response to these queries,routing information is returned. This returned routing information iscached, processed, data mined, compared to historical data, and used tocalculate performance metrics to gauge and determine the overalleffectiveness of the network. This is possible because the resourcesavailable at a VDR client will typically be greater than those availableat a conventional router.

In at least some embodiments, a VDR network functions in some wayssimilarly to a conventional network. In a conventional network, data, inthe form of packets, is sent to a router to be routed according to arouting table maintained at the router. Similarly, in a VDR network,after utilizing gathered network information to generate a routingtable, a client device utilizes this generated routing table to select aroute and transmit a packet accordingly, which packet is then receivedby another client device and routed according to that client's routingtable, and so on, until the packet reaches its destination.

However, rather than simply passing on received packets from client toclient, in a manner akin to a traditional router, VDR, via the DC,instead takes advantage of the storage and processing resourcesavailable at each client, while still remaining compatible with existingnetwork architecture, by attaching lower level protocol data to thepayload of transmitted packets for subsequent client analysis.

More specifically, when a packet is received at a VDR client, a virtualmachine (VM) intercepts the packet passed from the networking hardware(for example, a NIC card) and places it in memory. The VDR client thenprocesses the packet data. When the data is subsequently passed on, thisprocessed data is appended to the payload of the packet, together withinformation relating to the VDR client, for analysis at the destination.As can be seen in FIG. 3, the result of this process is that each “hop”causes additional information to be added to the payload of a packet,and thus results in a direct increase in payload size proportionate tothe number of hops taken by the packet. Specifically, each hop isbelieved to result in an increase of 35 bytes for an IPv4implementation, and 59 bytes for an IPv6 implementation. The table ofFIG. 4 details the information stored from each layer, along with thenumber of bytes allotted for each field. It will be appreciated thatdifferent or additional information could be stored in alternativeembodiments.

Currently, 128-bit addressing provides support for IPv4 and IPv6addressing, but support for additional addressing schemes iscontemplated. It will be appreciated that for a typical communicationover the Internet, i.e., one consisting of around 20 hops, the overheadappended to the payload will be around 700 bytes utilizing IPv4 andaround 1180 bytes utilizing IPv6. It is believed that, in a worst casescenario, an extra IP datagram could be required for every datagramsent. Although some of this data may seem redundant at first blush, somerepetition is tolerable and even necessary because network addresstranslation (“NAT”) can change source or destination fields. That beingsaid, it is contemplated that some implementations use caching to lowerthis overhead. Additionally, in at least some implementations, the VDRclient utilizes application specific knowledge to tailor the informationthat is appended to the needs of a specific application.

Conventionally, when a packet is received at a router, routinginformation is typically stripped off each packet by the router anddisregarded. This is because each router has limited memory and handlesan enormous number of packets. When a packet is received at adestination VDR client, however, the destination client has sufficientresources to store and process the information delivered to it.Additionally, to the extent that client resources may be taxed, the VDRclient need not always store this information in every packet received,as in at least some embodiments application knowledge provides theclient with an understanding of which packets are important toapplications running on the client. Regardless of whether some or all ofthis information delivered in the payload of each data packet isprocessed, the information that is processed is analyzed to create a“network fingerprint,” or network watermark (as described in more detailhereinbelow), of the nodes involved in the communication link. Thus, VDRsoftware loaded on nodes along a path enables the nodes to appendinformation regarding a path of a packet, which in turn enables thegeneration of a network fingerprint at the destination device, whichnetwork fingerprint represents a historical record that is stored andmaintained for later forensic analysis. In addition to forensic analysisby the client, the maintenance of network information on the clientenables forensic analysis by a server as well.

The Application Interface (AI) & Application Knowledge

One of the benefits of providing routing functionality at a clientdevice is that the client is able to utilize its knowledge of theapplication initiating a connection to enhance routing performance forthat application. This knowledge is provided to the DC via anapplication interface (AI), as can be seen in FIG. 1. Utilizingapplication knowledge to enhance routing performance could be useful toa variety of applications, such, as for example, computer gamesincluding massively multiplayer online role playing games.

The virtualization of routing functionality at a client device, asdescribed hereinabove, allows multiple routing protocols and algorithmsto be run simultaneously on a client device. Thus, the DC utilizes theapplication interface to obtain required criteria for an applicationconnection and then chooses from among the protocols and algorithmsavailable via the RP.

For example, a client may run two applications, referred to asApplication “A” and Application “B.” Application “A” may need tocommunicate very large amounts of data, and thus requires a routingprotocol that optimizes bandwidth, while Application “B” may only needto communicate very small amounts of data at very fast speeds, and thusrequires a routing protocol that minimizes latency irrespective ofbandwidth. A traditional router cannot tell the difference betweenpackets originating from Application “A” and those originating fromApplication “B,” and thus will utilize the same routing protocol forpackets from each application. A VDR client, however, is aware ofapplications running locally, and thus can be aware, through the AI, ofvarious connection criteria for each application. These connectioncriteria can then be utilized by the VDR client in selecting a routingprotocol or algorithm. Furthermore, as described hereinabove, both theselected routing protocol and the originating application associatedwith a packet can be communicated to other client nodes via dataappended to the payload of the packet. Thus, the protocol selected at asource client can be utilized to route the packet throughout its path toa destination client. Further, because virtualization allows multiplerouting protocols to be run on a single client, each application canutilize its own routing protocol.

Moreover, a VDR client can utilize knowledge of the path of a specificconnection to further optimize performance. Because a networkfingerprint can be gathered detailing the nodes in a communication path,a VDR client running on a client device can analyze each networkfingerprint to determine whether the associated connection satisfies theconnection criteria of the application desiring to utilize theconnection. If the connection does not satisfy the connection criteria,then the client can attempt to find a connection that does satisfy thecriteria by switching to a different protocol and/or switching to adifferent first node in its routing table. Combinations utilizingvarious protocols and selecting a variety of first nodes can beattempted, and the resultant paths evaluated until a path is found thatdoes satisfy connection criteria. Additionally, combinations utilizingvarious protocols and selecting a variety of first nodes can be utilizedto create route redundancy. Such route redundancy can provide to anapplication both higher bandwidth and controllable quality of service.

Although connection criteria for source and destination clients willoften be identical, there are many situations where this will not be thecase. For example, if one client is downloading streaming video fromanother client, then the connection requirements for each client willlikely not be identical. In this and other situations, connectionsbetween two clients may be asymmetrical, i.e., client “A” transmitspackets to client “B” over path 1, but client “B” transmits packets toclient “A” over path 2. In each case, because path information gleanedfrom the payload of packets is stored and processed at the destinationclient, the evaluation of whether the path meets the required connectioncriteria is made at the destination client. In the example above, client“B” would determine whether path 1 satisfies its application'sconnection criteria, while client “A” would determine whether path 2satisfies its application's connection criteria.

Perhaps the epitome of a connection that does not satisfy connectioncriteria is a broken, or failed, connection. In the event of aconnection break, VDR enjoys a significant advantage over moretraditional routing. Conventionally, recognition of a connection breakwould require a timeout at an upper level application, with either thepath being re-routed subsequent to the timeout or a connection failuremessage being presented to a user. A VDR client, however, is aware ofgenerally how long it should take to receive a response to a transmittedcommunication, and can utilize this awareness to speed up routeconvergence for additional network connections to insure applicationrobustness and performance requirements, where performance requirementsare defined as criteria that must be met to allow the application to runproperly (e.g., video conferencing can't wait too long for packets toshow up or else the audio “crackles” and the image “freezes”). Forexample, a VDR client may be aware that it should receive a response toa communication in 500 ms. If a response has not been received after 500ms, the VDR client can initiate a new connection utilizing a differentrouting protocol and/or a different first node as outlined above withrespect to finding a satisfactory connection path.

In addition to performance optimization, application knowledge can alsobe utilized to enhance network security. For example, an application mayhave certain security requirements. A VDR client aware of theserequirements can create a “trusted network” connection that can be usedto transfer information securely over this connection in accordance withthe requirements of the application. A more traditional routing schemecould not ensure such a trusted connection, as it could notdifferentiate between packets needing this secure connection and otherpackets to be routed in a conventional manner.

But before elaborating on security measures that may be built in to aVDR implementation, it is worth noting that a VDR client is able to workin concert with an existing client firewall to protect software andhardware resources. It will be appreciated that conventional firewallsprotect the flow of data into and out of a client and defend againsthacking and data corruption. Preferably, VDR software interfaces withany existing client firewall for ease of integration with existingsystems, but it is contemplated that in some implementations VDRsoftware can include its own firewall. In either implementation, the VDRsoftware can interface with the firewall to open and close ports asnecessary, thereby controlling the flow of data in and out.

In addition to this firewall security, the VDR software can utilizeapplication knowledge to filter and control packets relative toapplications running on the client. Thus, packets are checked not onlyto ensure a correct destination address, but further are checked toensure that they belong to a valid client application.

One way VDR software can accomplish this is by utilizing “spiders” tothread together different layers of the protocol stack to enable datacommunication, thereby reducing delays and taking advantage of networktopologies. Each spider represents software that is used to analyze datafrom different layers of the software stack and make decisions. Thesethreaded connections can be used to speed data transfer in staticconfigurations and modify data transfer in dynamic circumstances. As anexample, consider a client device running a secure email applicationwhich includes a security identification code. Packets for thisapplication include a checksum that when run will come up with thisidentification code. A spider would allow this upper level applicationsecurity identification code to be connected to the lower layer. Thus,the lower layer could run a checksum on incoming packets and discardthose that do not produce the identification code. It will beappreciated that a more complex algorithm, such as an MD5 hashalgorithm, could be utilized as well.

Moreover, because the VDR software is knowledgeable of the applicationrequiring a particular connection, the software can adaptively learn andidentify atypical behavior from an outside network and react byquarantining an incoming data stream until it can be verified. Thisability to match incoming data against application needs and to isolateany potential security issues significantly undermines the ability of ahacker to gain access to client resources.

Additionally, when such a security issue is identified, a VDR client cantake appropriate steps to ensure that it does not compromise thenetwork. Because a VDR client is network aware and keeps track of otherclients with which it has been communicating, when a security issue isidentified, the VDR client can not only isolate the suspect connectionbut can further initiate a new connection utilizing a different routingprotocol and/or a different first node as outlined above with respect tofinding a satisfactory connection path. Alternatively, or additionally,the VDR client could simply choose to switch protocols on the fly andcommunicate this change to each client with which it is incommunication.

FIGS. 5A-5C provide a simplified example of such action for illustrativeeffect. In FIG. 5A, VDR client 403 is communicating with VDR client 405over connection 440. In FIG. 5B, external computer 411 tries to alterpacket 491 transmitted from client 403 to client 405. Client 405 runs ahashing algorithm on the received packet 491 and identifies that it hasbeen corrupted. Client 405 then quarantines packets received viaconnection 440 and, as can be seen in FIG. 5C, establishes a newconnection 450 with client 403.

Upon discovery of an “attack” on a network or specific networkconnection, a VDR client can monitor the attack, defend against theattack, and/or attack the “hacker”. Almost certainly, a new, secureconnection will be established as described above. However, afterestablishing a new connection, the VDR client can then choose to simplykill the old connection, or, alternatively, leave the old connection upso that the attacker will continue to think the attack has some chanceof success. Because each connection is virtualized, as describedhereinabove, a successful attack on any single connection will not spillover and compromise the client as a whole, as crashing the VM associatedwith a single connection would not affect other VMs or the client deviceitself. It is contemplated that a VDR client will attempt to trace backthe attack and attack the original attacker, or alternatively, andpreferably, communicate its situation to another VDR client configuredto do so.

An Exemplary Implementation

Traditionally, wired and wireless networks have tended to be separateand distinct. Recently, however, these types of networks have begun tomerge, with the result being that the routing of data around networkshas become much more complex. Further, users utilizing such a mergednetwork desire a high level of performance from the network regardlessof whether they are connected wirelessly or are connected via a fixedline. As discussed hereinabove, VDR enables a client to monitor routinginformation and choose an appropriate routing protocol to achieve thedesired performance while still remaining compatible with existingnetwork architecture. VDR can be implemented with wired networks,wireless networks (including, for example, WiFi), and networks havingboth wired and wireless portions.

FIG. 6A illustrates an exemplary local area network 510 (hereinafter,“LAN”) utilizing VDR. The LAN 510 includes three internal nodes511,513,515, each having VDR software loaded onto a client of therespective node. The internal nodes 511,513,515 can communicate with oneanother, and further can communicate with edge nodes 512,514,516,518,each also having VDR software loaded onto a client of the respectivenode. The coverage area 519 of the LAN 510 is represented by a dashedcircle. It will be appreciated that the edge nodes 512,514,516,518 arelocated at the periphery of the coverage area 519. The primarydistinction between the internal nodes 511,513,515 and the edge nodes512,514,516,518 is that the internal nodes 511,513,515 are adapted onlyto communicate over the LAN 510, while the edge nodes 512,514,516,518are adapted to communicate both with the internal nodes 511,513,515 andwith edge nodes of other LANs through one or more wide area networks(hereinafter, “WANs”). As one of the nodes 511,513,515 moves within theLAN 510 (or, if properly adapted, moves to another LAN or WAN), VDRallows it to shift to ad hoc, interior, and exterior protocols. Thisability to shift protocols allows the node to select a protocol whichwill provide the best performance for a specific application.

FIG. 6B illustrates an exemplary path between an internal node 513 inLAN 510 and an internal node 533 in LAN 530. It will be appreciated thatan “interior” protocol is utilized for communications inside each LAN,and an “exterior” protocol is utilized for communications between edgenodes of different LANs. Thus, it will likewise be appreciated that eachedge node must utilize multiple protocols, including an interiorprotocol to communicate with interior nodes and an exterior protocol tocommunicate with other edge nodes of different LANs. Further, at anytime an ad hoc protocol could be set up which is neither a standardinterior nor exterior protocol.

In FIG. 6B, LAN 510 and LAN 530 are both using CSPF as an interiorprotocol, while LAN 520 and LAN 540 (seen in FIG. 6C) are utilizingEIGRP as an interior protocol. All edge nodes of each of the LANs510,520,530 (as well as the additional LAN 540 in FIG. 6C) are connectedto a WAN utilizing BGP to communicate between edge nodes.

Referring to FIG. 6B, the exemplary path between node 513 and node 533includes an internal node 515, an edge node 518, an edge node 522 in asecond LAN 520, internal nodes 521,523,525 in the second LAN, anotheredge node 528, an edge node 534 in a third LAN 530, and an internal node531 in the third LAN. Further, because a particular protocol was notselected and propagated by the transmitting node, this connectionutilizes CSPF for internal communications within the first LAN 510 andthe third LAN 530, EIGRP for internal communications within the secondLAN 520, and BGP for external communications between edge nodes. At oneor both end nodes 513,533, the VDR software can analyze this informationand determine whether the combination of protocols along this path issatisfactory for the communicating application. It will be appreciatedthat the VDR software can further analyze the information gathered anddetermine whether the path meets application requirements forthroughput, timing, security, and other important criteria.

In a static environment, this path may represent a connection that meetsapplication requirements, in which case no further adjustment would beneeded. However, if a network outage were to occur, a network or a nodewere to move, or another dynamic event was to occur, the path could needto be altered.

For example, if the second LAN 520 were to move out of range, then theend node 533 might analyze the path information appended to a packetreceived after such movement and determine that increased latencyresulting from this movement rendered this path unsuitable perapplication requirements. The node 533 would then attempt to establish anew connection utilizing a different route that would satisfyapplication requirements. FIG. 6C illustrates such a new connection,which remains between the same end nodes 513,533, but rather than beingrouted through LAN 520 that moved out of range, as with the pathillustrated in FIG. 6B, the path is instead routed through a fourth LAN540.

It will be appreciated that the ability to influence path selectionbased on client application needs significantly enhances theperformance, flexibility, and security of the network.

It will further be appreciated from the above description that one ormore aspects of the present invention are contemplated for use with end,client, or end-client devices. A personal portable computer, such as anotebook or laptop computer, are examples of such a device, but a mobilecommunications device—such as a mobile phone, and a video game consoleare also examples of such a device. Still further, it will beappreciated that one or more aspects of the present invention arecontemplated for use with financial transactions, as the increasedsecurity that can be provided by VDR is advantageous to thesetransactions.

Network Data Transfer

It will be appreciated that the transmission of data over the Internet,or one or more similar networks, often utilizes precious serverprocessing, memory, and bandwidth, as the data is often delivered from,or processed at, a server. In implementations in accordance with one ormore preferred embodiments of the present invention, some of this serverload is mitigated by use of a direct connection between two end-userdevices, such as, for example two end-user devices having virtualizedrouting capabilities as described hereinabove. Preferably, packets arethen routed between the two end-user devices without passing through aconventional server.

Notably, however, although transferred data packets do not pass througha server, a server may still be utilized to establish, monitor, andcontrol a connection, as illustrated in FIG. 7. Specifically, FIG. 7illustrates two clients and an IP server which determines that theclients are authorized to communicate with one another, and which passesconnection information, to the clients, that is utilized to establish adirect connection between the clients. Importantly, the IP server is notinvolved in this direct connection, i.e. data transferred via thisdirect connection is not routed through or processed by the IP server,which would require the use of additional resources of the IP server.Issues that must be resolved in establishing a direct connection includethe traversal of NATs (network address translations) and firewalls, LANand WAN efficient networking, security, robustness, and hand-off.

For example, with respect to firewalls, it will be appreciated that, insome networks, a firewall may be set up to prevent an end-user devicefrom accepting connections from incoming requests. In this regard, thereare three basic scenarios that can occur. FIG. 8 is a block diagram, ofa plurality of nodes, illustrating the three scenarios that might beencountered in setting up a direct connection between nodes, or clients,of a peer-to-peer network.

In a first case (scenario 1 in FIG. 8), there is no firewallobstruction. In this first case, either client can initiate a connectionfor the direct connection, as both clients are allowed to accept aconnection. In this case, the client initiating communication, e.g. afile transfer, will preferably request the connection, connect, andstart the communication, e.g. transfer the file.

In a second case (scenario 2 in FIG. 8), one (but not the other) of twoclients to be involved in a direct connection has a firewall obstructingthe connection. In this case, the client behind the firewall mustinitiate the connection. For example, in preferred implementationsutilizing an IP server, a client that is obstructed from accepting aconnection is instructed by the IP Server to initiate a connection tothe client that is not obstructed by a firewall.

In a third case (scenario 3 in FIG. 8), both clients have firewallsobstructing the connection. In this case, a software router (sometimesreferred to hereinafter as an “SWRT”), or software switch or “crossconnect,” is used to accept a connection of the two clients and passpackets through to the clients. Preferably, a software router truly actsas a switch, and does not modify the payload as it passes the packetthrough.

A software router can reside on a client or a server. In variouspreferred implementations, a software router can be selected accordingto a variety of methodologies. For example, in some implementations,software routers residing on clients are preferably utilized whenpossible to maintain scalability. In some implementations, a softwarerouter residing on a client that is on a contact list (as described inmore detail hereinbelow) of a connecting client is preferably utilizedat times. In some implementations, a software router residing on aserver is preferably utilized at times, for example for securityreasons. In some implementations, a software router residing on a clientthat is unrelated to a communication that is to be made is used attimes, for example for efficiency or anonymity. In at least somepreferred implementations, multiple software routers are utilized tosplit up packets and reduce resources utilized at any particularsoftware router client.

In at least some preferred implementations, a software router isimplemented utilizing field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or otherspecific hardware designed to implement such cross-connectfunctionality.

In some cases, a first client communicating, e.g. sending a file, to asecond client may be behind the same firewall as the second client. Inthis case, the most efficient solution would be for the communication tohappen directly over the LAN to which the two clients are connected.Although other configurations are possible, the two most common casesare clients that are on the same or different subnets. FIG. 9 is a blockdiagram, of a plurality of nodes, illustrating each of these cases.

With respect to the case where two clients are on the same subnet,preferably a communicating client will compare its internal and externalIP addresses to a target client's internal and external IP addresses todetermine that an internal connection is possible. In one or morepreferred implementation, such internal and external IP addresses arepreferably extracted when a client contacts a server to provide loginand presence data (described in more detail hereinbelow), and updatedcontact list information is preferably downloaded as well. If a clientdetermines that an internal connection is possible, such an internalconnection will preferably be utilized as it will frequently be thefastest since no external equipment is needed to complete thecommunication.

With respect to the case where two clients are on different subnets, acommunicating client preferably utilizes internal and external IPaddresses (obtained from the server) to determine if the client cancommunicate directly with a target client, or if a software router needsto be utilized. If it is determined that a software router needs to beutilized, the client preferably first attempts to locate another clientinside the LAN to act as a software router, then chooses other clientsthat might be outside the LAN to provide a connection. In at least somepreferred implementations utilizing multiple routing protocols (such as,for example, Optimum Shortest Path First (OSPF)) to provide routingcapabilities at the client, the client would be able to traverse thedifferent subnets and provide a direct connection.

A preferred system for such a described direct connection includes oneor more end-user devices having client software loaded thereon, an IPserver, or control server, having server software loaded thereon, andone or more networks (such as, for example Internet, Intranet orExtranet supported by Ethernet, Mobile Phone data networks, e.g. CDMA,WiMAX, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, and others, wireless networks, e.g. Bluetooth,WiFi, and other wireless data networks) for communication.

In a preferred implementation, client software installed at an end-userdevice is configured to communicate with an IP server, which associates,for example in a database, the IP address of the end-user device with aunique identification of a user, such as an email address, telephonenumber, or other unique identification. The client then periodically“checks in” with the IP server and conveys its IP address to the server,for example by providing its IP address together with the uniqueidentification of the user. In a preferred implementation, this checkingin occurs when the client is “turned on”, e.g., when the end-user deviceis turned on or when the client software is loaded, as well as when theIP address has changed, and/or upon the occurrence of any other networkevent that would change the path between the client and server, and/orin accordance with other configured or determined events, times, ortimelines, which may be user-configurable.

By virtue of the process of collecting, and updating, the current IPaddress of a user, other users may communicate with that user as theuser moves from place to place. The IP server thus acts as a registryproviding updated IP addresses associated with users. This capabilityalso enables multiple device delivery of content to multiple end-userdevices a user designates or owns.

This checking in and maintenance of information at a server allows forthe maintenance of presence information for end-user devices. In one ormore preferred implementations, such presence information, and/oraddress information and unique identification are also maintained atother end-user devices via use of a contact list. In a preferredimplementation, an end-user device can utilize a contact list comprisingcontacts, each of which might be associated with a particular end-userdevice and/or a particular unique identification of a user. When aclient checks in with a server, information regarding each of itscontacts, e.g., presence information or address information, can beautomatically downloaded to the client.

In a preferred implementation, clients can log into and out of servers,or a service comprising a plurality of servers, and one or more serverskeep track of login and logout states of clients. These login and logoutstates for a particular client can also be communicated to other clientshaving that particular client on their contact list.

Just as a server can share client information with another client, aclient can share information regarding a different client with a server.In a preferred implementation, if a client communicates with anotherclient and receives updated information regarding that other client, itmay then communicate such updated information to a server, which, in atleast some preferred implementations, may obviate the need for suchother client to check in with the server.

FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary network comprisinga server and seven clients (C1-C7). In FIG. 10, each client first logsin to the server. Once login has been authenticated, the contact listfor each client is updated with current information from the server.Each client keeps detailed contact information in a local database abouthow to communicate with each client in its contact list. The informationincluded in the database comprises IP addresses (internal and external),net masks, available ports, and other pertinent networking information.

Since each client knows how to communicate with the other clients in itscontact list, it maintains presence information for these other clients.FIG. 11 is a block diagram illustrating exemplary communications betweenclients in the network of FIG. 10 following login and authentication.Preferably, information regarding the clients is communicated to theserver periodically by the clients to keep the server updated. In apreferred implementation, each client is configured to communicateinformation, e.g., presence information, regarding other clients in itscontact list.

Preferably, the server maintains comprehensive information for clients,and acts similarly to a Home Locator Registry (HLR) for a mobile phonesystem. Thus, when a client wants to connect to another client that isnot in its contact list, the server can provide informationcorresponding to that other client, although in at least someimplementations yet another client might instead provide thatinformation. In some preferred implementations, the client requesting aconnection can then add the other client to his contact list. FIG. 12 isa block diagram illustrating such a server functioning as an HLR in thecontext of file transfers between clients.

Because each client keeps detailed contact information, in a localdatabase, about how to communicate with each client in its contact list,communication between clients can preferably still occur even if theserver is not available. However, in at least some preferredimplementations, if a client requests a connection to another clientthat is not on its contact list, the request must go to the server forauthorization.

Preferably, such functionality is utilized in combination withvirtualized routing capability at clients as described hereinabove. Suchvirtualized routing at a client can be utilized in combination withnetwork architecture designed for a system utilizing client routing,and/or with more traditional network infrastructure.

For example, although routing protocols are commonly fixed via hardwarerouters on the Internet, a router on a client can enable the ability toreach multiple routers on a network. The benefit of this capability isthat multiple packets can be sent along multiple paths, therebyimproving the overall quality of a connection. While multiple completelyindependent routes can't be guaranteed, performance can be monitored tomeasure the benefit of virtualized routing at a client. A router at theclient also enables networking over various subnets, switches and otherlogical networking structures. Further, protocols can be utilized thatoptimize local area networking such as what would be needed forBluetooth and WiFi.

It will be appreciated that, currently, Internet communications utilizesessions, and that upon being dropped, e.g. due to a lost connection, anew session must be initialized.

By contrast, in a preferred implementation, rather than having toinitiate a new session, for example upon obtaining a new IP address, anew session is created and data is transferred from the old session tothe new session while maintaining the state of the old session. In thisway, a near-seamless transition is presented to a user between an oldsession and a new session.

For example, a user might be connected via their mobile device to a WiFiconnection while they are on the move. Mobile devices add a significantamount of complexity to an application. The application must worry aboutthe movement of a user and the efficiency of an implementation toprovide the user with a satisfactory experience. Mobile devices areusually equipped with a broad-band communication channel, typicallyprovided by the carrier, via a protocol such as WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSMwith EDGE, and WiMAX. Other radios, such as WiFi and Bluetooth, may alsobe built into the mobile device. These devices could be used to improvethe overall performance of the network but are seldom combined to bestutilize the available resources to create the best overall experience.

The control provided by virtual dispersive routing can be used to helpsolve issues that are occurring with the convergence of wireless andInternet. The Internet is a fairly static connection and must adapt tomobile situations, hand-off network connections (e.g., mobile, WiFi,Bluetooth) and power control. The use of virtualized routing at a clientcan help to make these transitions appear seamless to an end user.

Returning to the example of a user connected via their mobile device toa WiFi connection while they are on the move, the user might move out ofrange of the WiFi connection, but still be in range of a cellularconnection. Rather than simply dropping their session, a new session ispreferably created, and data from the old session copied over, togetherwith the state of the old session. In this way, although the end-userdevice is now connected via a cellular connection, rather than via aWiFi connection, the user's experience was not interrupted.

That is, once a different connection is established using othercommunication protocols, a mobile hand-off can occur. Supporting softhand-off requires that the connection is established prior to theshifting of the hand-off to ensure that data is not lost. One or morepreferred implementations support multiple virtualized routingcapabilities that can enable detection and establishment of connectionsover Bluetooth and WiFi. In the case of Bluetooth, a routing algorithmcan be used to enable direct communication between people in the sameroom. In the case of WiFi, a routing algorithm such as OSPF can be usedto enable connections between people on different subnets. WiFi couldalso be used to enable communication back to the “open” Internet toreduce network load on the carrier network.

In some preferred implementations, in order to maintain seamlessconnection for applications requiring higher service quality, such asvoice and conferencing, multiple connections are preferably maintainedlocally and over a WAN. Once it is possible to utilize such connections,the trade-offs for cost, service quality and responsiveness can becontrolled. Since routing is performed at the client, the application onthe client can be used to control the priority of application packets,thereby providing a Quality of Service (“QoS”) functionality. Theability to control multiple routes also contributes to the control ofQoS.

More specifically, QoS pertains to the ability to give certaincommunications priority over other communications. In terms of theInternet, it implies that transmission rates, error rates and othernetworking characteristics can be controlled, improved, and to somedegree guaranteed in advance. QoS is a primary concern for applicationssuch as voice, video distribution, conferencing and other multi-mediaapplications where bandwidth requirements can be significant. Usingprotocols such as Resource Reservation Protocol (“RSVP”) and Common OpenPolicy Service (“COPS”) can expedite packets through a gateway androuters based on policies implemented in advance. Unfortunately, thesetup of these protocols has usually heretofore been out of reach of anapplication.

However, in at least some preferred implementations utilizing virtualdispersive routing, focus can be placed on using limited resources in anefficient way to provide an optimum user experience. If a user hasmultiple applications open simultaneously, the communicationrequirements of a video conferencing application can receive priorityover a web surfing application, because routing is performed at theclient and can take into account such application needs. Further,software routers (described hereinabove) can be utilized to replicatepackets to other nodes for uplink limited clients. When quality of thelink is important, additional copies of the packets can be sent multipleroutes utilizing the router on the client.

Exemplary One Client to One Client Communication

As described hereinabove, virtualized routing capabilities can beutilized in direct communications between two clients. An exemplaryimplementation is now described in which direct connections betweenend-user devices having virtualized routing capabilities are utilized ina file transfer context.

FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary file transfer use scenario between twoclients. As described above, each client is in communication with an IPserver, or home registry server, for example to communicate its IPaddress to the IP server. Such communications are exemplified by steps1010 and 1020.

In use, a first client communicates to an IP server a request to connectto a particular client, user, or end-user device at step 1030. The IPserver, or control server, determines whether or not the other client,user, or end-user device is available, e.g. online, and, if so, looks upthe current IP address or addresses associated with the specifiedclient, user, or end-user device. If the client, user, or end-userdevice is either not online or has left the network, a connectionfailure message is sent. If the client, user, or end-user device isonline, the IP server will take action based upon a pre-selectedpreference setting. Preferably, each user may choose to acceptconnection requests automatically, to require a confirmation ofacceptance, or to require some other authentication information, such asan authentication certificate, in order to accept a connection request.If the connection request is accepted, either automatically or manually,the IP server enables the transfer, e.g. by communicating to the secondclient that the first client has a file for transfer, as exemplified bystep 1040.

Preferably, the IP server notifies each client involved in the transferof required security levels and protocols, such as, for example, hashingalgorithms used to confirm that received packets have not been altered.The IP server also insures that the client software at each end-userdevice has not been tampered, altered, or hacked.

The clients complete a messaging “handshake” and then begin transfer ofa file. More specifically, the second client requests a connection withthe first client at step 1050, the first client notifies the IP serverof its status, e.g. that it is beginning a transfer, at step 1060, thefirst client grants the second client's request at step 1070, and thesecond client notifies the IP server of its status, e.g. that itsconnection request was accepted, at step 1080. The file transfer beginsat step 1090.

Periodically, both clients will update the server on the status of thedownload, as illustrated by exemplary steps 1100 and 1110. The serverwill keep track of the file transfer and compare the informationreceived from both clients for completeness and security. Once the filetransfer is completed, at step 1120, a status is sent of each client tothe IP server at steps 1130 and 1140, and the connection is terminatedat step 1150. The clients continue to update their availability with theIP server for future file transfers, as illustrated by exemplary steps1160 and 1170.

It will be appreciated that because one of the problems with the TCP/IPprotocol is that significant timing delays can occur betweencommunications, using a virtual machine advantageously allows messagesto be sent at the lowest levels of the stack between virtual machines ofdifferent clients, thus helping insure that communications are notdelayed. Further, the inclusion of local routing capabilities enableseach client to setup another communication link, if needed, for exampleto continue a stalled download. Further still, because preferably bothclients include such routing capability, either client can reinitiate aseparate communication to the other client, thus helping insure thatTCP/IP packet delay timeouts do not draw out the communication.

Additionally, to facilitate more robust transfers, one of the clientscan instruct the other to open other TCP/IP connections independent ofthe server link. For example, a first client may receive an IP addressfor a second client via the IP server, and the second client could thencommunicate additional IP addresses to the first client and communicateduplicate packets via connections established with these additional IPaddresses, thus increasing the reliability of the link. Additionally,the client could send multiple packets over separate IP addresses toinsure a different starting point for transmission, and thus insureunique paths. It will be appreciated that this might advantageouslyallow for the continuing transfer of packets even if one of theconnection paths fails. Notably, each path is closed upon completion ofthe transmission.

Exemplary Many Clients to Many Clients Implementation

An exemplary implementation is now described in which direct connectionsbetween end-user devices having virtualized routing capabilities areutilized for data distribution, e.g., in a telecommunications context.

It will be appreciated that in some traditional applications, one ormore conventional servers act to collate and process data streams, e.g.,containing audio and/or video, from a plurality of clients, and thendistribute the processed data to the clients. By way of contrast, in apreferred implementation, an end-user device can instead establish adirect connection with another end-user device, and communicate datadirectly to the other end-user device, rather communicating through aconventional server. In such implementations, this transmitted data canbe directly processed by either a communicating end-user device, areceiving end-user device, or both, rather than by a conventionalserver.

As described above, a first end-user device can establish a directconnection, via the use of virtualization, with not just one otherend-user device, but with multiple other end-user devices. The firstend-user device provides each of the other end-user devices with a datastream, e.g. an audio and/or video data stream, thus effectively actingas a server by “serving” such data stream to each of the other end-userdevices. For example, in a video conference context, each of a pluralityof end-user devices involved in a video conference will serve its ownvideo and audio streams, and receive video and audio streams served byeach of the other end-user devices. Thus, each end-user device can becharacterized as functioning as both a server and a client, possibly atthe same time, i.e. as a multiplexed client/server.

Notably, however, although the end-user devices assume somefunctionality more traditionally assumed by a conventional server, acontrol server is preferably still used to oversee the establishment andmaintenance of connections between end-user devices. Unlike in atraditional implementation, however, it is preferred that little to nodata processing is handled at this control server, and that data streamsbetween end-user devices are not routed through the control server.

Instead, the control server preferably primarily provides authenticationand security functionality. Preferably, the control server keeps trackof a unique identification of each end-user device, software loaded oneach end-user device, and an IP address of each end-user device.Additionally, the control server preferably controls which end-userdevices can communicate, and at what times they may communicate.

Each end-user device preferably continually provides information to thecontrol server, including: a status of the end-user device, whether theend-user device is receiving data, whether the end-user device has lostits connection, an application status, application data, whethersoftware at the end-user device has been tampered with, a rate of one ormore communication links, and a packet error rate of one or morecommunication links.

Exemplary Implementation Illustrating Use with Conventional Servers

In some preferred implementations, direct connections between end-userdevices having virtualized routing capabilities are utilized incombination with one or more conventional file servers, such as, forexample, in a media server application. Specifically, it will beappreciated that the conventional downloading of data, such as a videofile, from a server is an intensive process that utilizes preciousserver processing, memory, and bandwidth. In preferred implementations,some of the strain of this process is offloaded from such a conventionalserver to one or more end-user devices having virtualized routingcapabilities. This architecture decreases the processing, memoryrequirements and bandwidth loads on a media or other data server. FIG.14 illustrates the reduction in resource requirements for a file that isbeing downloaded from a data server when some of the strain of multipledownload requests is transferred off of the data server in accordancewith such preferred implementations.

In a preferred implementation, a plurality of end-user devices compriseVDR clients, and a control server comprises a VDR server, eachrespectively including the architecture illustrated in FIG.

FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary process for downloading data to two VDRclients that was originally stored on a media server and, moregenerically, data server. Notably, the process involves not just the twoVDR clients and the data server, but also a control server, or VDRserver, as well.

The process begins when the first VDR client requests download of datafrom the data server at step 1210, followed by a corresponding TCP/IPhandshake at step 1215. Subsequently, the data server alerts the VDRserver of the download at step 1220. The VDR records the activity of thefirst VDR client along with necessary identification and contactinformation for the first VDR client. The data server follows thetypical download procedure and begins the download to the first VDRclient at step 1225.

Thereafter, a second VDR client requests the same data from the dataserver at step 1230, followed by a corresponding TCP/IP handshake atstep 1235. At step 1240, the data server alerts the VDR server to thedownload request by the second VDR client. The VDR server determinesthat a VDR client is active, gathers addressing information for thesecond VDR client, and notifies the data server that it will handle thedownload at step 1245. Notably, a VDR client is active as long as itsconnection is active. It will be appreciated that several methodologiesmay be used to determine how long a client stays active. In at leastsome implementations, a client is shut down, i.e. rendered inactive,immediately after a file is transferred, which may represent the mostefficient use of resources. In a preferred implementation, a timer isutilized, and the client remains active for a user-specified number ofminutes following activity. Alternatively, a client's connection couldbe left open until the user wants to close it, or until a networktimeout occurs.

At step 1250, the VDR server communicates to the first VDR client andconfigures it for download capability to the second VDR client, e.g.using the obtained addressing information for the second VDR client. Thesecond VDR client initiates communication with the first VDR client fordownload of the data from the first VDR client at step 1260, followed bya corresponding TCP/IP handshake at step 1265, and the download thenbegins at step 1270.

Notably, the first VDR client, like most clients, has bandwidthavailable on the uplink when downloading content. It is believed that atypical personal computer, as of the filing date of this application,can handle 3-5 uploads without significant burdening or performancedegradation.

In a preferred implementation, communication between the first andsecond VDR clients is accomplished between “Thin Virtual Machines” (TVM)of each VDR client. Each TVM is characterized as a “thin” virtualmachine because each preferably generally includes only thefunctionality necessary to support virtualized networking, and,preferably, optimizes the resources needed to support the virtualizationof the Network Interface Card (NIC). As will be appreciated from thedescription hereinabove, each TVM enables each application to have aseparate virtual interface to the NIC. This functionality enablescustomized security capabilities that can be added to each applicationinterface individually.

At steps 1280 and 1285, the VDR clients convey status information, e.g.concerning the download, to the VDR server. At step 1290, the first VDRclient completes its download of the data from the data server. Thefirst VDR client continues the download to the second VDR client,however. While the download continues, status information is sent to theVDR server from each VDR client, as exemplified by step 1300. Further,the first and second VDR clients continue to communicate via the virtualmachine interface to detect connection issues and re-route packets.

The download continues at step 1310. At step 1320, the second VDR clientcompletes its download, and each VDR client notifies the server of suchsuccess, as exemplified by step 1330. The VDR server, in turn, notifiesthe data server that the download to the second VDR client was completedsuccessfully at step 1340.

If, instead of being completed successfully, the second VDR client'sdownload of the data had not completed, the second VDR client would havecontacted the VDR server for another download opportunity.

FIG. 17 illustrates another exemplary process where, rather thandownloading data from one other VDR client, data is downloaded from aplurality of VDR clients, thus increasing the speed of download.

More specifically, a data file is broken into fragments, and eachfragment is downloaded to a target VDR client from a different sourceVDR client using a different connection. In FIG. 17, the process beginswhen, at step 1410, a first VDR client communicates a download requestto a data server, followed by a corresponding TCP/IP handshake at step1415. At step 1420, the data server alerts the VDR server that adownload has been requested. The VDR server determines that multiple VDRclients are available to download the requested data from, and, at step1430, the VDR server informs the data server that it will handle thedownload request. At steps 1440, 1450, and 1460, respectively, the VDRserver communicates to second, third, and fourth VDR clients and passesaddressing information corresponding to the first VDR client to each.The VDR server assigns each VDR client the portion of the data file thatthat VDR client will download to the first VDR client.

The first VDR client then downloads, at steps 1445, 1455, and 1465respectively, the assigned portions of the data file from each of theother VDR clients. As exemplified by illustration of steps 1470, 1472,1474 and 1476, each VDR client reports, to the VDR server, statusinformation on any downloads it is a part of, to ensure each download isprogressing as planned. If a connection is lost, the VDR server can actto correct the problem. Once the first VDR client has completed thedownload of the data file, it communicates such completion to the VDRserver and each other VDR client, as exemplified by illustration of step1480. Subsequently, the VDR server notifies the data server that thedownload was completed at step 1490.

Security

As described herein, in one or more preferred implementations,virtualization of networking is utilized. Virtualization of networkingcomprises using a virtual machine to intercept packets as a computingdevice receives packets from network interface hardware. The use of avirtual machine provides several advantages, such as interceptingpackets prior to such packets being sent to an application for analysis,providing an earlier point for encryption to be employed at a device todevice level, and enabling a swap/recovery mechanism if packets arebeing hacked.

In some preferred implementations, a virtual machine on a client canalso message at layer two of a network stack to another client's virtualmachine. This enables synchronization of the communication statemachines and additional authentication opportunities. Suchdevice-to-device connection provides the architecture to implementend-to-end encryption below the OS level, as illustrated in the blockdiagram of FIG. 18.

Preferably, in at least some implementations, clients at end-userdevices are alerted by a control server of an impending transfer andutilize a secure protocol such as public key encryption, AES (AdvancedEncryption Standard), or SSL (Secure Socket Layer). Packets to betransferred are preferably intercepted by a virtual machine of a firstclient, prior to being sent to the network interface of that client, andencrypted. Following receipt, the packets coming out of the networkinterface are then intercepted by a virtual machine of the other clientand decrypted.

Preferably, strong security is achieved by employing a single encryptionkey that is passed between the two end-user devices controlled at layer2 and 3 of the OSI (Open Source Interface) stack model. Regardless ofwhether the file is transported via Ethernet, WiFi, mobile phone datanetworks, or other wired or wireless technologies, the file is protectedsince it is decrypted at the router level of the destination before thedata is passed to the application.

Verifying the authenticity of a received file is an importantcapability. When files are transferred from one device to another, thefiles are subject to many network attacks that include Sybil attacks,man-in-the-middle attacks, and other Internet cyber attacks. Due toissues such as source routing and IP spoofing, routers have been set upto be anonymous as they pass packets, but it also makes them susceptibleto cyber attacks.

In addition to enabling the use of such end-to-end encryption, theutilization of virtual machines enables “beneath OS” control, so thatapplication updates do not modify software that could compromise anapplication, and encapsulation at the application level enablingseparate network connection capabilities.

Further, because virtual dispersive routing in accordance with one ormore preferred implementations can affect the path a communication takesto a destination, a network watermark can be created that takes intoaccount path, timing, number of hops, host IDs, bandwidth, and othernetworking characteristics. These characteristics can be communicatedvia virtual machine communication, attached to packets, or sent to aserver for recording Verification of a proper network watermark can beused to determine whether or not to accept a transfer or authenticate asource and destination. In one or more preferred implementations,network watermarks are utilized in accordance with the disclosurecontained in USPA Pub. No. 2009/0316682, which is hereby incorporatedherein by reference.

FIG. 19 is a block diagram, of an exemplary network, illustrating anetwork communication from client C7 to client C3 which passes throughclients C5 and C1. As illustrated therein, a network watermarkrepresenting this communication may include a record of nodes thecommunication passes through, ports used for communication, and the timeit took for each communication between nodes.

In some preferred implementations, network watermarks are utilized toenable an independent node to verify that a file transfer has takenplace. In some preferred implementations, use of network watermarks alsois utilized to confirm that a file has not been corrupted and thatvarying ports and IP addresses have been used to secure a file transfer.Preferably, network watermarks can be monitored during a transfer at thevirtual machine level, thus providing an added level of security.Further, in some preferred implementations, if software is modified oneither a sending node or a receiving node, independent nodes canpreferably still verify that a transfer occurred and provide anindependent record as proof of transfer.

Virtualization of routing at a client also enables the ability to traphacking and rogue activity. For example, if a hacker attacks the client,the encapsulation provided by use of a virtual machine can be utilizedto minimize the damage and enable a “hot swap” of a virtual connection.In some preferred implementations, a connection can be swapped in lessthan 300 ms. Such a hot swap enables a client to continue to communicateto a target client while also enabling the hand-off of a tamperedconnection to a server for analysis.

Similarly, virtualization provides advantages in communications with aserver as well. It will be appreciated that server-centric solutions arevulnerable to Denial of Service (“DoS”) attacks, Distributed Denial ofService (“DDoS”) attacks, and other network attacks. An exemplaryscenario illustrating one or more such advantages will now be outlinedwith reference to FIG. 20, which is a block diagram of an exemplarynetwork comprising a main server, a backup server, and a hidden, orunlisted, server, as well as clients C1 through C7. In use, the mainserver may become too busy, for example due to a network attack, and,thereafter, connections may be denied by the main server since it is toobusy to service requests. In at least some preferred implementations,based on application needs and the types of attacks, a node like C3could immediately communicate to the backup server to continue itsapplication after it is unable to communicate with the main server.Similarly, C6 could be instructed to communicate with the unlistedserver after it is denied service with the main server.

When hackers attack a client, they tend to exploit incorrectconfigurations, poorly written applications, errors in update releaseand other anomalies. In some cases they will even utilize “backdoors”left from previous attacks. Detecting hacking is not easy, especiallyfor inexperienced or non-technical users. The ability of a virtualmachine to intercept packets prior to delivery to an application canrepresent a unique advantage in at least some implementations. Forexample, hashing and encryption algorithms can be run to determine ifpackets have been modified. If a “hack” is suspected on a connection,the connection can be isolated and re-routed to a server that analyzesthe hack in real-time. Since routing is virtualized at the client, theclient can communicate to the other virtual machine with which it wascommunicating that it is changing its IP address and can re-establishanother connection automatically.

FIGS. 21A and 21B are block diagrams of an exemplary networkillustrating such a process. Initially, as illustrated in FIG. 21A, afirst client device utilizing virtualized routing is communicating witha second client device that is also utilizing virtualized routing. Thecommunications to the first client for the connection with the secondclient are targeted at IP address 204.17.15.134. Thereafter, asillustrated in FIG. 21B, the first client detects a potential attackthrough that connection, and initiates a second connection with thesecond client utilizing IP address 204.17.15.138. The clientadditionally reroutes the suspect connection associated with IP address204.17.15.134 to a server for analysis.

Such varying of IP addresses, and ports, for communications with otherdevices can be utilized in virtualized dispersive routingimplementations in a manner analogous to frequency hop radios. FIGS. 22Aand 22B illustrate the similarities. For example, client devicesconfigured to function as multiplexed client servers can utilizesynchronized IP hopping and port spreading.

Lastly, although systems, methods, and apparatus are described hereinlargely in the context of end-user devices having virtualized routingcapabilities, it will be appreciated that at least some implementationsmay be practiced in the absence of such virtualized routingcapabilities.

Notably, virtualized routing capabilities, such as, for example, thosepresented by a VDR client, may be advantageous even in communicatingwith a client that does not enjoy such capabilities, e.g., a non-VDRclient. In a preferred method, a VDR client in communication with anon-VDR client searches incoming packets for viruses or other anomalies,and, if such other anomalies are found, the VDR client can break offcommunications and re-establish a new connection.

Network Architecture

In one or more preferred implementations, virtual dispersive routing isutilized in a peer-to-peer (P2P) context, either alone or in combinationwith other P2P technology, to achieve desired platform performance,e.g., to take P2P networking to a whole new level of efficiency,performance, security and privacy. For example, as described herein,this combination of technologies can reduce or eliminate the need to gooutside a LAN, and provide direct communication between devices.Further, such combination can enable single key encryption from clientto client at a virtual machine layer, provide control over QoS byenabling independent routing possibilities, provide an ability tosupport multiple communication interfaces such as WiFi, mobile, andEthernet simultaneously, enable performance of dynamic hand-offcapabilities, and provide support of secure and private communications.

In some preferred implementations, routers are utilized which interfacewith clients and servers so that they can take advantage of moreefficient routing topology. Further, in some preferred implementations,hardware is utilized that includes virtualization hardware, e.g.virtualization hardware built into CPU chipsets. Further still, in somepreferred implementations, multiple processors are utilized such thatone or more processors can be utilized to run complex routingalgorithms. In one or more preferred implementations, hardwarerepresenting combined router and server hardware is utilized. In somepreferred implementations, protocols are utilized that are less “chatty”when in wireless mode.

It is believed that many of these advantages arising from use ofdispersive networking would make material improvements in Facebook andother social networking phenomena that are utilized by hundreds ofmillions of users on the Internet.

Smart Grid Implementations

Modern utility networks, and particularly electrical distributionsystems, are making increased use of digital and other technology. Forexample, electricity may be delivered from suppliers to consumers usingtwo-way digital communications to control appliances at the consumers'residences. Such a system, sometimes referred to hereinafter as a “smartgrid,” delivers energy more efficiently, reduces costs, and increasesreliability as compared to conventional systems. A smart grid mayoverlay the ordinary electric grid with networked metering systems,controllable sensing, measuring and actuating devices, and control ofenergy using devices to support energy independence, global warming andemergency resilience issues.

When a smart grid is utilized, its integrity is critical to the economicand social stability of the country. If the smart grid is hacked,significant damage can be inflicted on the physical grid, on the economyand to the confidence of the people who use it. A secure and efficientnetwork that maintains control at the individual components of the smartgrid helps to ensure that a catastrophe can be avoided.

In one or more implementations, direct connections between end-userdevices having virtualized routing capabilities are utilized in a smartgrid context. Currently, control of the electric grid is spread amongthe various power companies and their consumers. If a smart grid iscentrally controlled, outside forces could gain control of the electricgrid and shut it down or attempt to damage it. To maintain this balance,the use of virtual dispersive routing and networking securelydistributes control of the consumer residence appliance between thepower supplier and the consumer.

In particular, virtual dispersive routing and networking can providedirect control of the consumer appliances. As described more fullyelsewhere, including in FIG. 18, separate virtual machines may be usedto create a safe area and safe networking environment that can beaccessed via a separate IP address and/or port. Applications from thesuppliers can control the consumer appliances but with over-ridecapabilities still provided to the consumers. Virtual dispersive routingand networking can provide the ability of the appliance controls todetermine if a server has connected to the appliance or if a consumerconnected directly to it. In at least some implementations, the securedirect connection is provided by signaling from a virtual thin clientthat primarily includes, in addition to a virtual machine, a signalingmechanism and other networking features. Thin virtual machines andclients making use of thin virtual machines are described elsewhereherein. Other levels of access can be supplied for maintenance and otherservices. The secure direct connection enables the Consumer to safelyconnect to the appliance. A button can be pressed on the appliance toenable the connection from the Consumer.

Consumers may access and control the appliance, which has a built-incommunications system such as Bluetooth, WiFi, mobile phone, Ethernet orother networking capability, via a secure direct connection. It will beappreciated that VDR may preferably be used to facilitate suchconnection and communication.

FIG. 24 is a flowchart illustrating a method of connecting a consumerdevice to an appliance in accordance with one or more preferredembodiments or implementations of the present invention. As showntherein, it is first determined whether the appliance has beenregistered with a corresponding smart grid application. The appliance ispreferably pre-registered at the factory, but if not, or if somecondition occurs requiring re-registration, then a registration step iscarried out.

Next, using a device such as a smartphone, the consumer takes aphotograph or otherwise reads or images an ID plate on or accompanyingthe appliance. FIG. 25 is a schematic illustration of a step ofphotographing, imaging or otherwise reading the ID plate of an applianceas part of the method of FIG. 24. The register ID, which may be in theform of a barcode, may be used to look up the necessary networkinginformation. Software may be used to read the barcode or 3D image and toconnect the consumer device to the smart grid application. In someimplementations, the smart grid application provides software to theconsumer device to control the appliance. In some implementations,software may also or alternatively be provided by the appliance itself.It may also be necessary for a button or other input on the appliance tobe pushed or otherwise actuated to ready the appliance for connectionand communications. Finally, the consumer device is connected directlyto the appliance. The secure direct connection enables the consumer tosafely access and communicate with the appliance.

Social Media Implementations

Social networking websites, like Facebook and Twitter, have become someof the most prevalent sites used worldwide. However, such sites useserver farms having large numbers of servers to store their informationand data for their users. This causes high costs due to traffic, highenergy costs and the need for more servers. This topology also suffersfrom problems such as slow connections because of the simultaneousaccess of information at the server farms, which can temporarily shutdown the system and accounts for much of the delay in loading websitesfrom the Internet. Even worse, server farms may be shut down entirelyunder denial of service attacks making the application unavailable tousers altogether.

FIG. 26 is a block diagram representing the use and management of socialmedia in accordance with one or more preferred embodiments orimplementations of the present invention. Rather than store and serviceall social media user data primarily from the servers, such data isinstead stored and managed by the user devices, which only requiresminimal involvement from the server. Thus, the use of servers isgenerally eliminated except for their use managing presence and inbacking up information on the client's profile.

In operation, a user device having social media data first contacts aserver, sometimes referred to as a “presence” server, to see who isavailable to add as a friend. The user sends an invitation message toone or more chosen “friends” (client targets) via the presence server.In some implementations, such invitation messages may alternatively oradditionally be sent via another device in the network, since a clientcan be a presence server as well. The presence server forwards themessage to the targeted client along with the networking information onhow to communicate with the initiating client. If the initiating clientis offline, the networking information will be sent to the client whenit comes back online. The clients will communicate when both are online.Subsequent communication then generally takes place directly betweenpeer devices. In this regard, it will be appreciated that VDR maypreferably be used to facilitate such connection and communication.

Once linked to one or more friends (fellow users), each user hosts hisown social media content on his own computer, smartphone, or other userdevice. An application on the device is utilized to control which socialcontent is sent to which friend and when. In at least someimplementations, the content may be provided in the form of a web pagepersonalized for each friend. As more and more devices begin operatingin this way, a paradigm shift will occur where the client is in an“always on” scenario and the feature where “friend” devices are updatedwill be required less often. Ultimately, hosting the social mediacontent in this way enables the user to have full control over theirinformation provided on the page, provides a useful interface tocommunicate with others and provides a means for sharing information andother media with friends.

The functionality described herein may be implemented using VDR, andpreferably through the use of clients that utilize virtual machines. Inparticular, the clients may be “virtual thin clients” that eachprimarily include, in addition to a virtual machine, a signalingmechanism and other networking features. Thin virtual machines andclients making use of thin virtual machines are described elsewhereherein. This technology enables local control of the firewall to enablecommunication to devices directly. The virtual thin client controlssignaling between end user devices, which in turn enables strongersecurity via networking and covert exchange of information betweenvirtual thin clients at each client. The transfer of information is moreefficient since the updates goes directly to the friends and can beupdated as the user comes on line.

The approach described herein includes a number of features. Thecapability to delete information off the pages sent to other users'devices (only from their pages of information) maintains control of theuser's information. The user can transfer short messages, voice messagesand video messages, set up conference calls, and utilize other mediamethods of communication. The users can set up alerts indicating thepresence of other friends and providing information as to theiractivities as such activities pertain to the information put on theirdevice and as the information is disseminated. The direct communicationof the applications via the virtualized peering network enables theinformation to reside under the control of the users. The informationcan be backed up on servers and other devices that the user owns such astheir mobile phone and computer (laptop, desktop and other computingdevices) just as other information is currently backed up to externalhard drives and others storage devices. Networked backup services likeMozy and MobileMe from Apple are examples.

Advantageously, use of VDR in this context results in the creation of avirtual peering network designed to enable local control of the userprofile for the benefit of staying in touch with others. The user hascomplete control of their profile and what is shared with others ratherthan having a template and minimal control over the things that areincluded in their profile in a server-centric network. The applicationwould allow people to talk, message, conference, stream media, and thelike. Such an approach may be infinitely scalable since the resources toadd a user's device are provided by the user device, results indispersive update of users by friends and by the users themselves, andprovides the ability to spread information across multiple devices.

Improved Telecommunications Implementations

Telecommunications carriers are rolling out more and more data drivendevices. The heavy load of data is causing major congestion on theirback-end networks. One important way to minimize this heavy load is tominimize the traffic that is directed around the network. In a switchenvironment, resources are dedicated to sending traffic throughout thenetwork, and the number of connections that can be made is limited bythe size of the switch.

In one or more implementations, direct connections between end-userdevices (such as phones and smartphones) having virtualized routingcapabilities are utilized in context of improving the efficiency of thebackbone of a telecommunications network. FIG. 27 is a block diagramrepresenting a telecommunications topology for improving efficiency inaccordance with one or more preferred embodiments or implementations ofthe present invention. With reference thereto, an application using VDRcan be used to improve the efficiency of the backbone of a network bycontrolling the flow of packets over the resources of the network. Incases where the communication is local, a server, sometimes referred toas a “presence” server, can detect that the devices are located togetherby determining that the external IP address for the devices is the sameand providing the internal IP addresses to the clients. The VMs (virtualmachines) message over to the device to determine the connection qualityand determine the ability of the network to support the requiredservices. Network services are queried by the client's VM to determineits ability to connect to the network in other ways. Examples of otherpossibilities include WPAN (such as Bluetooth, Ultra-wide Band, and thelike) and WLAN (such as WiFi, both local and municipal, and the like).

Connections shown in FIG. 27 include a direct connection through a WPANand/or the WLAN directly to the other device. These connections wouldvirtually eliminate all traffic over the carrier backbone, therebyreducing network traffic and enabling the clients (i.e. mobile phones)to connect directly via the base station. An important aspect of usingthese networks is to use the client to determine the accessibility ofthe networks and to supply connection information to the presence serverand “friend” clients. The passage of the information enables the clientsto connect, leveraging local client resources such as Bluetooth and WiFiwithout significantly using the carrier resources. Messaging between theVMs will still be used to maintain QoS (Quality of Service) for theuser's application.

Servers and other clients are used to force network communications to becarried out in ways that will be advantageous to the carrier. By usingthe SWRT (SoftWare RouTer) and other routing protocols such as OSPF(Optimum Shortest Path First), the use of a particular network enables aswitching of physical hardware, thereby enabling traffic to bedynamically diverted to other networks at the carrier's disposal.Network watermark, described elsewhere herein and in any materialincorporated herein by reference, may be utilized to monitor theconnections and to ensure that path was used and may further be kept forhistorical records. The choice of network can be driven via economics,loading, efficiency, and the like.

In some implementations, peer-to-peer communications are used forefficiency of connections. In some implementations, virtualization isused to provide security for communications, including protectionagainst hacking, protection against man-in-the-middle attacks, and theuse of a single encryption key.

Advantageously, use of VDR in this context would reduce traffic in thenetwork in a variety of ways. The single encryption key doublesthroughput for secure communications. Direct IP connections enabledirect communication over the base station for local/short distancecalls. Internet oriented equipment and control QoS may be leveraged, andLANs and PANs may be leveraged to minimize traffic over the backbone. Inat least some implementations, only presence traffic is sent over thenetwork. The use of multiple connections enables efficient release ofresources. Furthermore, these improvements are maintained as the networkis scaled (and hardware added with each new device), in that the controlof traffic at the client means that congestion issues are dramaticallyreduced.

Gaming Implementations

In one or more preferred implementations, direct connections betweenend-user devices having virtualized routing capabilities are utilized ina gaming context, such as, for example, in a massively multiplayeronline role playing game (MMORPG) application.

It will be appreciated that traditional MMORPGs handle the majority ofprocessing for a game world-wide at conventional servers. In a preferredimplementation, some of this processing work is offloaded to end-userdevices having virtualized routing capabilities. For example, eachend-user device preferably functions as a server for serving an avatarassociated with a user to other end-user devices whose users aredisposed, in the game world, in close proximity. In this way, theprocessing associated with such avatars is largely offloaded from theserver.

This offloading, and other similar offloading, reduces the resourcesrequired by an MMORPG server. Notably, however, although the end-userdevices assume some functionality more traditionally assumed by aconventional server in MMORPG applications, a control server ispreferably still used to oversee the establishment and monitorconnections between end-user devices.

The control server preferably provides authentication and securityfunctionality. Preferably, the control server keeps track of a uniqueidentification of each end-user device, software loaded on each end-userdevice, and an IP address of each end-user device. Additionally, thecontrol server preferably controls what actions each client can take.

Each end-user device preferably continually provides information to thecontrol server, including: a status of the end-user device, whether theend-user device has lost its connection, an application status,application data, whether software at the end-user device has beentampered with, a rate of one or more communication links, a packet errorrate of one or more communication links, a game state, a characterstate, and coordinates of the character's location in the game world.

It will be appreciated that voice conferencing can be an important partof the massive multiplayer experience, and, in accordance with one ormore preferred embodiments, functionality and implementation similar tothat outlined in an audio conferencing context is utilized in amassively multiplayer gaming context as well.

Notably, in such implementations, a client both receives informationfrom other clients, for example in the form of avatar information, andadditionally receives information from a content server, which may alsocomprise control server functionality.

Retail Transaction Implementations

When a customer purchases a product from a bricks-and-mortar store, thetransaction passes through a multitude of middlemen before it finallyreaches or is processed by the customer's bank. This is also true forthe retailer and merchant. As a result, the customer's payment takesmuch longer to appear in the merchant's bank when a transaction is madein or from the store. Furthermore, the use of middlemen inevitably addscost to the transaction and reduces overall security.

In one or more implementations, direct connections between end-userdevices having virtualized routing capabilities are utilized in afinancial transaction context, such as, for example, in a retailtransaction. FIG. 28 is a block diagram representing a retailtransaction in accordance with one or more preferred embodiments orimplementations of the present invention, and FIG. 29 is a flowchartillustrating steps of the retail transaction represented in FIG. 28. Asshown therein, a customer visits the store and selects one or more itemsfor purchase. When all items are selected, the customer proceeds to thecheckout area, where a register or other point of sale (POS) terminal islocated. Using a device such as a smartphone, the customer takes aphotograph or otherwise reads or images an ID plate on or accompanyingthe POS terminal FIG. 30 is a schematic illustration of a step ofphotographing, imaging or otherwise reading the POS terminal ID plate.The register ID, which may be in the form of a barcode, may be used tolook up the necessary networking information. Software may be used toread the barcode or 3D image and thereby connect the POS terminaldirectly to the customer device. It will be appreciated that VDR maypreferably be used to facilitate such connection and communication.

With the connection between POS terminal and customer device(smartphone) in place, the items being purchased are scanned orotherwise processed normally. As each item is processed, details such asthe item name, price and the like may be presented to the customer viathe customer device. Once all items are processed, a total proposedtransaction amount (purchase price) may be presented to the customer viathe customer device, preferably in conjunction with a complete list ofthe items being purchased. The customer signals his approval of thetransaction via user input, which may include “clicking” an acceptbutton, providing a fingerprint or other biometric information, or thelike.

Once the customer has approved the transaction, the customer deviceconnects with the customer's bank to initiate transfer of thetransaction amount to the merchant. Meanwhile, the POS terminal sendsdetails of the transaction via the network to the customer's bank. Basedon the information received, the customer's bank accepts the transactionand sends the necessary funds to the merchant's account.

Advantageously, use of VDR in this context would reduce the number ofmiddlemen through which a transaction would pass and would also allowthe customer to use their smartphone as a form of payment mechanism.Furthermore, this would allow customers to have real-time pricechecking, via their smartphone, for the items being purchased and alsogives them an electronic receipt. The data in the electronic receipt maybe harvested or mined for subsequent use, such as in the customer'saccounting software. The process may obviate the need for credit cardcompanies to be involved in retail transactions because suchtransactions would be immediate. Removing these and other entities fromthe process helps lower costs, directly or indirectly benefiting bothcustomers and merchants.

Improved security is provided in a number of ways. The process allowscustomers to connect directly to their account for payment, thus addingsecurity that is lost when conventional credit cards are used. Insteadof a transaction going through a credit card company, the customerdevice connects to either a WAN or LAN, which creates more security,especially by using a LAN. A LAN is much safer and allows a firewall tobe in place for only people in that area to have access to or behind. Bytaking a picture of a bar code at the register of the store, thecustomer device can verify the IP address of the store and gains thenetwork information necessary to make a purchase. Fingerprinting andother biometrics would also allow consumers to make transactions moresafely and securely. An image of the user can be sent by the user'ssmartphone (communication device) with the purchase for the merchant'srecords. The image could be compared with an image supplied by asecurity camera for authentication.

Virtual Check Implementations

Although the internet has enabled many transactions to be converted froma traditional physical implementation to an electronic replicationthereof, the use of internet-based checks as a payment methodology hascontinued to be difficult to achieve. The basic problem has been how tosecurely send checks via the Internet and print them with consent fromthe sender that it was properly received. Some of the issues that mustbe resolved are the possibilities of interception of a check, printingthe same check more than once, copies of the check being stolen, and thecommission of fraud by the receiver.

In order to achieve internet transmission of checks, there are two basicsteps that must be performed: (1) a secure transfer of the check image,and (2) ensuring single secure printing. FIG. 31 is a block diagramrepresenting the secure transfer of a check image in accordance with oneor more preferred embodiments or implementations of the presentinvention, and FIG. 32 is a block diagram representing the printing of acheck image received using the approach of FIG. 31.

In one or more implementations, direct connections between end-userdevices having virtualized routing capabilities are utilized in thesecure transmission of a check image that may then be printed by therecipient and cashed, deposited or otherwise used in the same way as aconventional check. To achieve the secure transmission, VDR may be usedfor direct peering of or connection between the sending client and thetarget client. First, a data file representing the check image iscreated. The file is preferably split into parts and transmitted overtwo or more, and preferably multiple, different connections. Using VDR,the clients agree on the transmission paths for the check file and itbreakup between multiple connections. As shown in FIG. 31, connectionsmay include direct connections between the two devices, indirectconnections via a server, and indirect connections via a common client.

Breaking the check image into multiple parts and sending them separatelyprovides considerable security. Additional security may be providedthrough the use of a network watermark, described elsewhere herein andin any material incorporated herein by reference, which may be based ontransmission, timing and the like and embedded in the check image orparts of the check image file. Still greater security, encryption keyscan be embedded in the virtual check.

Once the entire virtual check file has been received by the targetclient, the check may be printed. At this point, VDR may again be usedfor direct peering of or connection between the two clients. A directnetwork connection is made again between the target and sending Client.Confirmation of the printing is sent from the target client to thesending client, and once again a network watermark may be utilized. Oncethe virtual check printing confirmation has been received, the sendingclient combines the network watermark from the confirmation with thenetwork watermark from sending the check, thereby disabling the printingof other checks from the image.

It will be appreciated that copy fraud remains a possibility, but thetarget client would have to perpetrate the act or a compromise of thetarget client's hardware would be required. Other commonly usedpractices such as special paper and watermarks can be used to combatthese issues.

Personal Private Networking Implementations

As described above, in one or more preferred implementations, a filesharing application utilizes virtual dispersive routing to effect filetransfers. FIG. 33 illustrates a user interface for an exemplary filesharing application in accordance with a preferred implementation.

Preferably, a user will be able to maintain a “buddy list”, or “FriendsList” which represents a contact list for purposes of virtual dispersiverouting methodologies as described hereinabove. A user interfacepreferably allows a user to add or delete friends/buddies/contacts fromtheir contact list.

In some preferred implementations, to initiate a transfer, a user clickson an application icon to open the user's contact list and a “Sharzing”window. In an exemplary implementation, bold texted names identifyon-line contacts, while grey texted names indicate off-line contacts.When the blades of the graphical connection representation on the rightside of the widow, i.e. the Sharzing, are shut, the Sharzing isinactive. Clicking on an on-line contact opens the blades andestablishes a Sharzing connection. The user may then “drag and drop” afile onto the open Sharzing.

Once a Sharzing connection is established, multiple files can betransferred in either direction. Further, multiple Sharzings can beopened simultaneously to different users. Preferably, when a Sharzing isconnected, wallpaper of the opposite PC that is being connected to isdisplayed. As a file is “dragged and dropped” on the Sharzing, theSharzing displays the progress of the file transfer. Using a Sharzingskin, a Sharzing depiction can take on identities such as, for example,a futuristic StarGate motif. In the case where such a StarGate motif isused, flash wormhole turbulence may begin when a file is placed in theSharzing, and, subsequently, an opening at the end of the wormhole mayemerge to display an image of the file and/or the recipient's desktopwallpaper. Preferably, when the transferred file is visible on thedestination desktop, the transfer is complete. The animation or videothat plays during transfer of a file can be characterized as a “Zinger”,and preferably is user configurable. In a preferred implementation,users can design their own Zingers, and make them available to an entityassociated with the file sharing application, and/or to other users ofthe file sharing application. In at least some preferred implementation,an artist who submits such a custom Zinger may receive somecompensation, e.g. fifty percent of revenue from sales of the submittedcustom Zinger.

In one or more preferred implementations, encryption, such as, forexample, public key encryption, is utilized to provide security for filetransfers. In some preferred implementations, encryption is utilizedbased on a public key hidden in an image in accordance with technologydisclosed in USPA Pub. No. 2008/0175377, which publication is herebyincorporated herein by reference.

For example, in a preferred implementation, a user might send a visualbusiness card, and then share files utilizing a public key hidden in animage of the business card.

Virtual dispersive routing can be utilized for other personal privatenetworking outside of a file sharing context as well. In one or morepreferred implementations, an audio and video conferencing applicationutilizes virtual dispersive routing to establish direct connectionsbetween clients.

It will be appreciated that in traditional audio and video conferencingapplications, one or more conventional servers act to collate andprocess audio and video streams from a plurality of clients, and thendistribute the processed audio and video streams to the clients. By wayof contrast, in a preferred implementation, an end-user device caninstead establish a direct connection with another end-user device, andcommunicate audio and video directly to the other end-user device,rather than communicating through a conventional server. In suchimplementations, this transmitted audio and video can be directlyprocessed by either a communicating end-user device, a receivingend-user device, or both, rather than by a conventional server.

As described above, via the use of virtualization, a first end-userdevice can establish a direct connection with not just one otherend-user device, but with multiple other end-user devices. The firstend-user device provides each other end-user device with its video andaudio stream, thus effectively acting as a server by “serving” its videoand audio stream to each other end-user device. Each of the otherend-user devices involved in a video conference will receive such videoand audio streams served by this first end-user device; however, eachother end-user device will additionally serve its own video and audiostreams.

In one or more preferred implementations, a user applications providesboth file sharing and audio and video conferencing functionality.

Storage Area Networking Implementations

A storage area network (SAN) is a network created to interconnect one ormore data storage devices, e.g. different forms of data storage devices,with one or more servers. In a conventional implementation of a SAN,cloud-based storage and processing are utilized. However, the use ofsuch cloud-based storage and processing can present significant securityand information fidelity issues. For example, data to be transferred maynot transfer due to an error with a server or a storage device, or ahacker may attempt to break in through a public access point, such as awebsite. Further, breaches may occur when employees are careless ormalicious, thereby allowing data to be copied or stolen from a database,or, perhaps worse, allowing data to be changed, or other actions takenthat may case additional harm. Further still, sometimes a storage areanetwork may fail to transfer files because only one route is available,which can increase risk if communications are attempted multiple times.Encryption is sometimes utilized to protect data in a SAN, but, givenenough processing power, such encryption alone may not be enough.

Thus, storing information in a network, such as in cloud storage, issubject to theft and hacking, both where information is stored and as itis being transferred over the network.

In one or more preferred implementations, virtual dispersive routingtechnology is utilized in a storage context to form a dispersive SAN.

In preferred implementations, data is dispersed by being distributed to,and stored at, a plurality of devices. Preferably, virtual dispersiverouting is utilized to effect such dispersed distribution of data. Forexample, data may be dispersed, via virtual dispersive routing, from amobile phone and stored at a laptop, a desktop, another mobile phone,and a server. Thus, data may be distributed to multiple, physicallyseparate places. Hacking such data at its place of storage would thusrequire hackers to hack multiple different devices at multiple,different sites to gather all of the data.

Similarly, as the data is distributed utilizing virtual dispersiverouting, multiple routes would have to be hacked to gather all of thedata. Further, the security functionality of virtual dispersive routingdescribed herein would render hacking of transferred data moredifficult.

With respect to accessing data, a device accessing data preferablyreceives a plurality of data streams from each of the devices anyportion of the data is stored on, as illustrated in FIG. 34. Asillustrated in the figure, a device can receive a data stream from anydevice it is able to communicate with, e.g. using virtual dispersiverouting. Such communications could occur over, for example, a publicnetwork, a private network, a wireless personal area network (WPAN), ora wireless local area network (WLAN). Preferably, the gaps betweenpackets are controlled by virtual machine messaging so that timing ofpackets can be used as another mechanism to determine hacking, reroutingand other network attack techniques. Similarly, the sequence of datafrom each source and size of data transmitted is controlled by virtualmachines, and by streaming data simultaneously from multiple sites,hacking can be further frustrated. By placing a signal on either side ofa connection, virtual machines can signal to each other which route isthe fastest and stripe data to be encoded across multiple sites.Further, direct connection between devices enables more efficientcommunications (e.g. with less overhead) and faster communications, andfurther obviates the need for authentication and data transfer via aserver, unless an application specifies the use of a server.

In dividing storage of data across multiple devices, in at least someimplementations some storage overlap may be utilized in that some, orall, portions of data may be stored at multiple devices, so that if onedevice is offline such data may still be accessible from another device.Preferably, decisions on whether to send data can be directed by aclient based on the presence of devices available to participate in aninformation transfer. Preferably, virtual machine messaging is utilizedto keep track of communications to ensure quality of service and theability to abstract networking from an application.

In at least some preferred implementations, remote storage devices areutilized for storage in a manner similar to how hard drives might beutilized in a redundant array of independent disks (RAID). Such remotestorage devices might be utilized in a manner akin to any standard levelof RAID, or even more exotic flavors of RAID, and even in a manner akinto nested RAID.

Medical Implementations

In one or more preferred implementations, virtual dispersive routingtechnology is utilized in a medical context to provide access to medicalrecords and data.

As described hereinabove, virtual dispersive routing can be utilized toform dispersive storage area networks (SANs). In a preferredimplementation, such dispersive SANs are utilized in a medical contextto provide access to medical records stored at disparate dispersedlocations.

For example, several hospitals (and doctor's offices, etc.) in a regionmay each have their own servers with medical records, and other data,stored thereon. In a preferred implementation, users would be able toaccess medical records stored at any hospital's server via virtualdispersive routing. Further, in at least some preferred implementations,medical records may be segmented and dispersed to multiple physicalservers, or devices, for enhanced security or redundancy, as describedhereinabove with reference to dispersive SANs.

Preferably, such a system allows for the sharing of medical informationwhile retaining storage of the information at its current location, e.g.a doctor's office storing patient records would not have to cede storageof such patient records to a central server or database just to ensureavailable access thereto by other users. Thus, as data can remain storedwhere it currently is, in some preferred implementations, no additionalserver or database infrastructure is needed to consolidate medicalrecords or data.

Procurement Platform Implementations

Procurement platforms enable people to electronically purchase items andservices over the web. Traditional procurement platforms provide a placefor viewing the items being auctioned or sold, a method for choosing andpurchasing items, a method of accepting payments, and a feedbackmechanism to assess the reputation of the for subsequent review andconsideration by future buyers and sellers. A more recent type ofprocurement platform uses an approach often referred to as a “reverseauction,” where sellers can compete for sales by bidding on buyerrequests for products or services, but otherwise provides functionalitythat may be similar to traditional platforms. Regardless of their type,conventional procurement platforms suffer from a number of drawbacksincluding, a need for large numbers of servers, the need forintermediaries to carry out the transfer of funds between buyers andsellers, the exposure of personal financial data and other data and thesecurity risks posed thereby, and the like.

In one or more implementations, direct internes connections betweenbuyer and seller devices having virtualized routing capabilities areutilized in a procurement platform context. FIG. 35 is a block diagramof a client-centric procurement platform in accordance with one or morepreferred embodiments or implementations of the present invention. Useof VDR provides a secure platform for interaction between clients,thereby enabling the buyer and seller to communicate directly with eachother's device without the need for servers. The list of goods may bemaintained and controlled at the user's device, rather than at theserver, thereby enabling, “up to the minute” notification to be providedto both buyer and seller.

In some implementations, payment may be accomplished using a virtualcheck as described elsewhere herein. Alternatively or in addition, insome implementations, a confirmation of sale step or process could usethe direct connection between buyer and seller to trigger transfer ofpayment to a trusted third party to be held until the purchased goods orservices are received and/or approved.

In some implementations, the platform provides several interfaces thatcould be handled at the seller device (for example, computer, mobilephone, and the like).

In some implementations, the items for sale may be offered on the clientdevice either in conjunction with or without server involvement. Serverinvolvement may provide, for example, additional payment options,off-line services, or the like.

Search Engine Implementations

In one or more preferred implementations, virtual dispersive routing isutilized to provide access to a web page, or pages, hosted by one ormore user devices. For a device that is configured to utilize virtualdispersive routing, virtual dispersive routing can be utilized toestablish one or more direct connections to transfer web pageinformation to the device. For a device that is not configured toutilize virtual dispersive routing, a direct connection can be providedvia an application server using a software router as describedhereinabove. Alternatively, in at least some implementations, a browserplug-in could be downloaded and utilized to allow for the provision ofoptimal service.

Notably, search engines are often utilized to allow a user to locate webpages relevant to a particular query, and websites served via virtualdispersive routing may provide issues for conventional search engines.

Conventionally, to archive information on millions of web pages, asearch engine employs special software called “spiders” (not to beconfused with spiders comprising a connective link between an upperlevel and a lower level of a protocol stack as described herein) thatbuild lists of words found on web sites, and pages within sites. Thesespiders usually start with the most popular servers and information richpages. The spiders will traverse a site, following every link foundwithin the site, and index information found within the site and encodeit so that it can be stored efficiently at search engine servers.

Devices configured to communicate directly with one another via virtualdispersive routing can be characterized as forming a dispersive network.Such a dispersive network is challenging for a conventional searchengine to access because, rather than having a server to query on aregular basis, information on clients may be behind firewalls, clientsmay have personal and private information that must be separated andprotected, access to a client is preferably minimized so that the clientis not impacted, and the access process must be very fast.

In a preferred implementation, public and private data of a client isseparated via use of two or more virtual machines, one or more forpublic data, and one or more for private data. The use of separatevirtual machines provides connection separation that makes it difficultfor a hacker to access private information via a connection to a virtualmachine hosting public data. Preferably, a virtual machine monitorsfidelity of code and a level of security to insure that corruption hasnot occurred via a network or through a virus that was attackingdirectly on the device.

In one or more preferred implementations, a search application isutilized which is similar to a search engine spider in that it gathersinformation from content provided by a client so that the data can besent to search engines such as, for example, Google and Bing. Inimplementations in which public and private data of a client isseparated, such a search application preferably gathers data in a manneridentified by a user, for example from both public and private data, asillustrated in FIG. 36, or from only public data (not illustrated). Inat least some implementations, certain data can be configured to beprovided to certain users, clients, devices, or groups of the same.

In at least some preferred implementations, in an always on paradigm,the client provides information in response to a query. In at least somepreferred implementations, where data is accessed at a significantburden to a client or when a user wants information available when aclient is not online, information can be uploaded via a connectionprovided by a Presence server, or IP server, to be made available toothers. Thus, a user can generate, and potentially host, their ownpersonal web page and have it be findable in a search by one or moremajor search engines.

Based on the foregoing description, it will be readily understood bythose persons skilled in the art that the present invention issusceptible of broad utility and application. Many embodiments andadaptations of the present invention other than those specificallydescribed herein, as well as many variations, modifications, andequivalent arrangements, will be apparent from or reasonably suggestedby the present invention and the foregoing descriptions thereof, withoutdeparting from the substance or scope of the present invention.Accordingly, while the present invention has been described herein indetail in relation to one or more preferred embodiments, it is to beunderstood that this disclosure is only illustrative and exemplary ofthe present invention and is made merely for the purpose of providing afull and enabling disclosure of the invention. The foregoing disclosureis not intended to be construed to limit the present invention orotherwise exclude any such other embodiments, adaptations, variations,modifications or equivalent arrangements, the present invention beinglimited only by the claims appended hereto and the equivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electronic device configured for electroniccommunications utilizing virtual dispersive networking comprising: (a)networking hardware for communicating over a network; (b) one or moreapplications loaded onto the electronic device programmed to communicateover a network; and (c) virtual dispersive networking softwarecomprising computer-executable instructions configured to (i) spawn aplurality of virtual machine instances that each virtualize networkcapabilities of the networking hardware of the electronic device suchthat a virtual network connection is provided, (ii) detect a request fora network connection from one of the one or more applications, (iii)using determined application-specific information associated with theone of the one or more applications, select a first network protocolfrom among a plurality of available network protocols based on currentcommunication requirements of the one of the one or more applications,(iv) effect communication of data from the one of the one or moreapplications over a network as a plurality of packets using thevirtualized network capabilities of one of the virtual machineinstances, such communication including selecting an initial node totransmit to based on (A) stored network information, (B) the selectedfirst network protocol, and (C) an intended destination of the data, (v)intercept a received packet as it is passed from the networkinghardware, (vi) select a next node to transmit the packet to based on (A)stored network information, (B) an indication of a protocol contained inthe packet, and (C) an indication of a destination device contained inthe packet, and (vii) transmit, using one of the plurality of virtualmachine instances, the packet to the selected next node forcommunication to the destination device.
 2. The electronic device ofclaim 1, wherein the electronic device comprises a desktop computer. 3.The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the electronic devicecomprises a mobile phone.
 4. The electronic device of claim 1, whereinthe electronic device comprises a portable computer.
 5. The electronicdevice of claim 1, wherein the electronic device comprises a video gameconsole.
 6. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the electronicdevice comprises a mobile communications device.
 7. An electronic deviceconfigured for electronic communications utilizing virtual dispersivenetworking comprising: (a) networking hardware for communicating over anetwork; (b) a first application loaded onto the electronic deviceprogrammed to communicate over a network; and (c) a second applicationloaded onto the electronic device programmed to communicate over anetwork; (d) virtual dispersive networking software comprisingcomputer-executable instructions configured to (i) detect a firstrequest for a network connection from the first application, (ii) spawn,for the first application in response to the detected first request fora network connection, a first virtual machine that virtualizes networkcapabilities of the networking hardware of the electronic device, (iii)using determined application-specific information associated with thefirst application, select a first network protocol from among aplurality of available network protocols based on current communicationrequirements of the first application, (iv) effect communication of datafrom the first application over a network as a plurality of packetsusing the virtualized network capabilities of the first virtual machine,such communication including selecting an initial node to transmit apacket to based on (A) stored network information, (B) the selectedfirst network protocol, and (C) an intended destination of the data, (v)detect a second request for a network connection from the secondapplication, (vi) spawn, for the second application in response to thedetected second request for a network connection, a second virtualmachine that virtualizes network capabilities of the networking hardwareof the electronic device, (vii) using determined application-specificinformation associated with the second application, select a secondnetwork protocol from among a plurality of available network protocolsbased on current communication requirements of the second application,and (viii) effect communication of data from the second application overa network as a plurality of packets using the virtualized networkcapabilities of the second virtual machine, such communication includingselecting an initial node to transmit a packet to based on (A) storednetwork information, (B) the selected second network protocol, and (C)an intended destination of the data.
 8. The electronic device of claim7, wherein the first network protocol is different from the secondnetwork protocol.
 9. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the firstnetwork protocol is the same network protocol as the second networkprotocol.
 10. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the electronicdevice comprises a mobile phone.
 11. The electronic device of claim 7,wherein the electronic device comprises a desktop computer.
 12. Theelectronic device of claim 7, wherein the electronic device comprises aportable computer.
 13. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein theelectronic device comprises a mobile communications device.
 14. Theelectronic device of claim 7, wherein the electronic device comprises avideo game console.
 15. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein theelectronic device comprises a desktop computer.
 16. The electronicdevice of claim 7, wherein the electronic device comprises a portablecomputer.
 17. The electronic device of claim 7, wherein the electronicdevice comprises a mobile communications device.
 18. A electronic deviceconfigured for electronic communications utilizing virtual dispersivenetworking comprising: (a) communications hardware for communicatingover a network; (b) an application loaded onto the electronic deviceprogrammed to communicate over a network; and (c) virtual dispersivenetworking software comprising computer-executable instructionsconfigured to (i) detect a first request for a network connection fromthe application, (ii) spawn, for the application in response to thedetected first request for a network connection, a first virtual machinethat virtualizes network capabilities of the networking hardware of theelectronic device, (iii) using determined application-specificinformation associated with the application, select a first networkprotocol from among a plurality of available network protocols based oncurrent communication requirements of the application, (iv) effectcommunication of data from the application over a network as a pluralityof packets using the virtualized network capabilities of the firstvirtual machine, such communication including selecting an initial nodeto transmit a packet to based on (A) stored network information, (B) theselected first network protocol, and (C) an intended destination of thedata, (v) detect a second request for a network connection from theapplication, (vi) spawn, for the application in response to the detectedsecond request for a network connection, a second virtual machine thatvirtualizes network capabilities of the networking hardware of theelectronic device, (vii) using determined application-specificinformation associated with the application, select a second networkprotocol from among a plurality of available network protocols based oncurrent communication requirements of the application, and (viii) effectcommunication of data from the application over a network as a pluralityof packets using the virtualized network capabilities of the secondvirtual machine, such communication including selecting an initial nodeto transmit a packet to based on (A) stored network information, (B) theselected second network protocol, and (C) an intended destination of thedata.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the software is configured toeffect communication using the virtualized network capabilities of thefirst and second virtual machines concurrently.